Term
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Definition
| how we manage a society or its components |
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Term
| The Rise of Governance is a story of improvements in: |
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Definition
-Organizing and deploying resources
-Operating under the rule of law
-Expanding the set of people who have meaningful say in how the society is governed
-Increasing the rights and liberties the government protects |
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Term
| the chiefdom form of governance emerged: what are its characteristics |
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Definition
One individual, no bureaucracy (maybe a council of advisors)
Later more advanced versions had a hierarchy of chiefs
Permanent full-time position with real authority to rule
Chief is at the top of a kinship hierarchy involving marital connections and an individual’s distance from the center (chief)
Chief performs a society-wide economic redistribution function
The chief takes a cut off the top of the products supplied for redistribution and uses it to maintain a much higher lifestyle than others in the society |
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Term
| First states typically possessed a political system with |
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Definition
A small, hereditary, warrior-elite class at the top headed by a king and royal family
The first states were monarchies
The first states were city-states
A small middle class consisting of two groups
Professional craftsmen and traders
Professional bureaucrats who administered the state religion and government
Vast majority (probably > 90%) of the population consisted of commoners |
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Term
| What became possible with the Monarchy form of governance: |
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Definition
Single ruler
Rule by decree
Promulgate laws
Impose punishments
A bureaucracy and military that assembled resources and executed policy |
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Term
| What type of government was Sparta? |
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Definition
| diarchy, two heads of state |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the six kinds of govenrments that aristotle recognized? |
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Definition
Monarchy – Tyranny
Aristocracy – Oligarchy
Constitutional Republic – Democracy |
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Term
| Criteria for Distinguishing Different Forms of State Governance |
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Definition
Inclusiveness of decisionmaking process
Mechanism for selecting decisionmakers
Foundation of legitimacy
Constraints on power of government
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Term
size of decisionmakers: 1
what is the basic forms? |
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Definition
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Term
size of decisionmakers: 2
what is the basic forms? |
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Definition
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Term
size of decisionmakers: 3 to small group
what is the basic forms? |
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Definition
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Term
size of decisionmakers: significant social class to large subset of population
what is the basic forms? |
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Definition
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Term
| selection mechanism for governance |
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Definition
| inheritance, vote, lot, irregular means |
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Term
| source of legitamacy for governance |
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Definition
| inheritance from previous holder, mandate from God/heaven/holy document, wealth, compentence, acceptance from population, rule of law |
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Term
level of constraints on power of government: high level of constraints
what is the basic groups? |
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Definition
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Term
level of constraints on power of government: limited constraints
what is the basic groups? |
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Definition
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Term
level of constraints on power of government: no constraints
what is the basic groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| The rise of democratic governance can be viewed in terms of innovations that brought about progress in three arenas: |
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Definition
Operating under the rule of law
Expanding the set of people who have meaningful say in how the society is governed
Increasing the rights and liberties the government protects |
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Term
| the first written laws of Urukagina specified the following: |
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Definition
Forbade seizure of property or persons by elites
Forbade commoners from being forced to sell something
Exempted widows and orphans from taxes |
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Term
| The code of Ur-Nammu established what legal precedents? |
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Definition
Laws defining actions for each crime in an if-then format
Imposing fines for monetary compensation for bodily damage
Punishment proportionate to crime |
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Term
| what did the code of lipit-ishtar do? |
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Definition
| Contained some laws that specified abstract rules of behavior for dealing with particular situations as opposed to specific punishments or fines |
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Term
| the code of hammurabi established what? |
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Definition
First complete public legal code (282 laws)
Harsh punishments
Legal differentiation based on class and gender
Protected private ownership of land
(possibly first) Constraints on government behavior
Officials who made bad decisions lost their position and paid a fine
High degree of control over peoples’ lives |
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Term
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Definition
Specified that all laws would be written and public
Distinguished between murder and involuntary homicide
Only state could impose punishments for crimes
To curb vendettas
Harsh punishments
Death penalty for acts of murder down to stealing an apple
An individual could appeal to an aristocratic council |
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Term
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Definition
Foundation of Roman law and constitution
First legal code to apply to all social classes
Only law courts could sentence someone to death |
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Term
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Definition
The principles upon which the state is based
The institutions that comprise the state
The procedures by which laws are made
And by whom
Procedures for government transitions
The limits on state power |
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Term
| Constitutions were developed to create more what? |
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Definition
| complex governance structures so that the societies would not suffer from drastic shifts in governance |
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Term
| Sparta, Lycurgus, The Great Rhetra: government had what? |
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Definition
Possibly the first constitution that established a form of government
A diarchy (two kings)
A Senate (Gerousia) with 30 members
A council of 5 Ephors to oversee kings and direct domestic administration
An Assembly (Apella) selecting the Senators and Ephors |
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Term
| Solon’s Constitution of Athens |
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Definition
Created a aristocracy/timocracy/demarchy/democracy mix to replace an aristocracy
four social classes defined from property, senate, assemblly, and another council to guard the lawws... |
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Term
| Cleisthene’s Constitution of Athens |
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Definition
Established citizenship on the basis of where one lives, a deme, a small geopolitical unit, rather than on one’s familial or kinship ties
Created opening for change from traditional aristocratic rule
Created a direct democracy/demarchy mix
head of state, council of 500, popular assembl, subset to serve supreme court, |
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Term
| Constitution of the Roman Republic |
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Definition
Created a diarchy/aristocracy/timocracy/democracy mix
two heads of state, senate, [three assemblies] |
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Term
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Definition
A monarch changed a monarch’s (Archon) period of rule from life to 10 years
But the new Archon had to come from the original monarchical family |
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Term
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Definition
Archons could come from any family in the nobility, the aristocracy
Aristocracy elects the Archon every 10 years |
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Term
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Definition
Archonship made an annual position
Duties distributed across 9 men from the Athens Council (Areopagus |
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Term
| name the four original democratic consitutions |
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Definition
| Alcmaeon ,Hippomenes ,Eryxias ,and [Sparta, Lycurgus, The Great Rhetra] |
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Term
| Eshnunna (Sumer), Bilalama, The Laws of Eshnunna |
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Definition
| Made capital punishment avoidable because of extenuating circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
Idea of presumption of innocence
Accused and accuser have opportunity to provide evidence
No provision for extenuating circumstances (a regression) |
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Term
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Definition
| Women possessed a high degree of equality, certainly compared to the norms at the time |
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Term
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Definition
| Abolished debt bondage (enslavement because of debt) |
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Term
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Definition
Brutal and sometimes very unfair punishments
Many penalties involved brutally punishing (such as raping) a woman, usually the wife, for the crimes of the husband
If the husband raped some young woman, for example
In general, repressive towards women |
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Term
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Definition
Sumerian civilization established the foundations for the rule of law in both of its dimensions
The Northeastern Mediterranean created constitutional regimes of governance
That could evolve over time
That could fail to prevent the governance system degenerating into an autocracy |
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Term
| Criteria for Having a Say in Governance |
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Definition
Ownership of property
Timocracy
Membership in a particular social group
Gender
Class
Ethnicity
Possess qualifying skill
Status
Wealth
Age |
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Term
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Definition
Monarchs have to obey the law
Monarchs are limited in their ability to change the law
In 1354 it was extended to include that there be due process of law |
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