Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testes and ovaries are example of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steroid sex hormones for males are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steroid sex hormones for females are? |
|
Definition
| estrogens and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| accessory reproductive organs are these three? |
|
Definition
1)ducts
2)glands
3)external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| what plays a role in development and function of the reproductive organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what plays a role in sexual behavior and drives? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what plays a role in growth and development of many other organs and tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are delivered to the exterior through epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a sac of skin and superficial fascia, hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity and contains paired testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the temperature necessary for sperm production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what keeps the temperature of the scrotum constant? |
|
Definition
| dartos muscle and cremaster mascles |
|
|
Term
| which muscle of the scrotum is a smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which muscle of the scrotum is bands of skeletal muscle that elevate the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two tunics that surrounds the testes are? |
|
Definition
1)tunica vaginalis, derived from perioteum
2)tunica albuginea, the fibrous capsule |
|
|
Term
| what is the site of sperm production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what divides the testis into 250-300 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are conveyed through seminiferous tubules, tubulus rectus, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood supply in the testes come from? |
|
Definition
| testicular arteries and testicular veins |
|
|
Term
| spermatic cord encloses these things that supply the testes? |
|
Definition
| nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| interstitial (Leydid) cells outside the seminiferous tubules produce what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the male copulatory organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the penis what surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the penis what are paired dorsal erectile bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the male duct system include these 4? |
|
Definition
1)epididymis
2)ductus deferens
3)ejaculatory duct
4)urethra |
|
|
Term
| what contains the efferent ductules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does duct of the epididymis microville (stereocilia) do? |
|
Definition
| absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to stored sperm |
|
|
Term
| during ejaculation the ________contracts, expelling sperm into the ductus deferens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what passes through the inguinal canal, expands to form the ampulla and then joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cutting and ligating the ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what conveys both urine and semen (at different times)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| urethra has three regions called? |
|
Definition
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy (penile) urethra |
|
|
Term
| seminal vesicle produce what type of fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is 70% of the volume of semen? |
|
Definition
| viscous alkaline seminal fluid |
|
|
Term
true or false
seminal fluid contain fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulation enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| duct of seminal vesicles joins the ductus deferens to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what secretes milky, slightly acid fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prostate fluid contain what? |
|
Definition
| citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific avtige (PSA) |
|
|
Term
| what plays a role in activation of sperm and enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate and prior to ejaculation, produce thick,clear mucus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lubricates the glans penis and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm and accessory gland secretions |
|
|
Term
| what contains nutrients (fructose), protects and activates sperm, and facilitates their movement (e.g., relaxing)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alkalinity does what in the male urethra and female vagina? |
|
Definition
| neutralizes the acid in the male urethra and female vagina |
|
|
Term
true or false
clotting factors coagulate semen just after ejaculation, the firinolysin liquefies it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| only 2-5 ml of semen are ejaculated, containing _______ millions sperm/ml |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlargement and stiffening of the peins from engorgement of erectile tissue with blood |
|
|
Term
| erectiion is initiated by sexual stimuli including? |
|
Definition
-touch and mechanical stimulation of the penis
-erotic sights, sounds, and smells |
|
|
Term
true or false
erection cannot be induced or inhibited by emotions or higher mental activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during erection _______ ______ promotes release of nitric oxide (NO) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during erection what cause erectile tissue to fill with blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
corpora cavernosa keeps the urethra open? |
|
Definition
| false it's the corpus spongiosum |
|
|
Term
true or false
corpora cavernosa compresses drainage veins and maintains engorgement during erection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability to attain erection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| propulsion of semen from the male dut system |
|
|
Term
| is ejaculation a parasympathetic reflex or a sympathetic reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what reflex coused ducts and acessory glands to contract and empty their contents during ejaculation? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic spinal reflex |
|
|
Term
| during ejaculation what does the sphincter muscle do? |
|
Definition
| they constrict, preventing the expulsion of urine |
|
|
Term
| what muscle undergo a rapid series of contractions during ejaculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence of events that produces sperm in the siminiferous tubules of the testes |
|
|
Term
most body cell are ___________ and contain
-two sets of chromosomes (one maternal, one paternal)
-23 pairs of homologous chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gametes are haploid (n) and contain _____ chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gamete formation involves meiosis or mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gamete fomation involves nuclear division in the gonads in which? |
|
Definition
| the number of chromosomes is halved (from 2n to n) |
|
|
Term
| in gamete formation, two consecutive cell division ( meiosis I and II) following what? |
|
Definition
| one round of DNA replication |
|
|
Term
true or false
gamete formation involving meiosis produces four daughter cell and introduces genetic variation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gives rise to sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in mitosis, sparmatogonia does what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in meiosis, spermatocytes form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in spermiogenesis, spermatid become what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the order of spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
1. mitosis (spermatogonia to spermatocytes)
2. meiosis (spermatocytes to spermatids)
3. spermiogenesis (spermatid to sperm) |
|
|
Term
| spermatogonia begins when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In spermatogonia
-stem cells are in contact with __________?
each mitotic division produces type A daughter cell and a type b daughter cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
type A cells maintains the germ cell line at the basal lamina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
type A cells move toward the lumen and develop into primary spermatocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Meiosis I or Meiosis II
primary spematocyte (2n) -> two secondary spematocytes (n) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Meiosis I or Meiosis II
each secondary spermatocyte (n) -> two spermatids (n) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small nonmotile cells close to the lumen of the tubule |
|
|
Term
| spermiogenesis: ________ to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in spermiogenesis, spermatid lose excess cytoplasm and form a tail, becoming ________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sperm has three major region, what are they? |
|
Definition
| the head, midpiece, and tail |
|
|
Term
which region of the sperm is this?
genetic region; nucleus and helmetlike acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate an egg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which sperm region is this?
metabolic region; mitochondria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which sperm region is this?
locomotor region; flagellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| waht cells extend through the wall of the tubule and surrounds developing cells, provinding nutrients and signals to dividing cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sustentacular cells have large supporting cells called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cell dispose of excess cytoplasm sloughed off during spermiogenesis and secrete testicular fluid into lumen for transport of sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in sustentacular cells, tight junctions divide the wall into these two compartments? |
|
Definition
| basal compartments and adluminal compartment |
|
|
Term
| which sustentacular cell compartment has spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which sustentacular cell compartment has meiotically active cells and the tubule lumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what prevent sperm antigens from escaping into the blood where they would activate the immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
tight junctions form a blood-testis barrier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
because sperm are not formed until puberty, they are absent during immune system development, and would not be recognized as "self" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what releases gonadrotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes sustentacular cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP), which makes spermatogenic cell receptive to testosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulate intertitial cells to release testosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the final trigger for spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and pituitary results from what 2 thing? |
|
Definition
1) rising levels of testosterone
2) inhibin (released when sperm count is high) |
|
|
Term
| testosterone is synthesized from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testosterone exerts it effects on __________ in the prostate and __________ in some neurons in the brain. |
|
Definition
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
estrogen |
|
|
Term
| testosterone targets all accessory organs and it's deficiency lead to what/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
testosterone has multiple anabolic effects throughout the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the basis of the sex drive (libido) in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| males secondary sex characteristics features are induce d in the nonreproductive organs by male sex hormone (mainly _______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these are the 5 features of the male secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
1) appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair
2) enhanced growth of the chest and deepening of the voice
3) skin thickens and becomes oily
4) bones grow and increase in density
5)skeletal muscles increase in size and mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are female gametes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what produce female gametes and secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the female accessory ducts? |
|
Definition
| uterine tube, uterus, and vagina |
|
|
Term
| what are the female internal genitalia? |
|
Definition
| ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina |
|
|
Term
| the external genitalia are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ovaries are held in place by what 3 ligaments? |
|
Definition
| ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, and mesovarium ligament |
|
|
Term
| what ligament anchors ovary medially to the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ligament anchors ovary laterally to the pelvic wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ligament suspends the ovary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ligament supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina; also contains the suspensory ligament and the mesovarium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what supply blood in the ovaries? |
|
Definition
| ovarian arteries and the ovarian branch of the uterine artery |
|
|
Term
| ovaries are surrounded by a fibrous tunica albuginea and has what two regions/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ovarian follicles are known as what region of the ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large blood vessels and nerves are known as what region of the ovaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| follicle has immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by what two cells? |
|
Definition
follicle cells (1 cell)
granulosa cells (2 or more cells) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 steges of follicle development? |
|
Definition
1)primordial follicle
2)primary follicle
3)secondary follicle
4)late secondary follicle |
|
|
Term
| what follicle stage of development that has squamouslike follicle cells + oocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what follicle stage of development has cuboidal or columnar follicle cells + oocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what follicle stage of development has two or more layers of granulosa cells + oocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what follicle stage of development contains fluid-filled space between granulosa cells; coalesces to form a central antrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in vesicular (Graafian) follicle fluid-filled _______ forms; follicle bulges from ovary surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle after ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two other name for fallopian tube/ |
|
Definition
| uterine tubes and oviducts |
|
|
Term
| what has distal expansion with infundibulum near ovary and usual site of fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ciliated fimbriae of infundibulum create currents to move _______ into uterine tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oocye is carried along by _______and _________ |
|
Definition
| peristalsis and ciliary action |
|
|
Term
| what cells nourish the oocyte and the sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mesentery that supports the uterine tubes is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the uterus the body is the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the uterus the rounded superior region is the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the narrowed inferior region in the uterus is the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what has narrow neck, or outlet; projects into the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cervica canal communicates with the
- vagina via
-uterine body via |
|
Definition
-the external os
-the internal os |
|
|
Term
| what glands secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcylec(ovulation)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the uterus what is the lateral support portion of the broad ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the uterus what is the ligament from the cervix and superior part of the vagina to the walls of the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| lateral cervical(cardinal) ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what ligament secure uterus to the sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ ligaments bind to the anterior wall of the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 layer of the uterine wall? |
|
Definition
| perimetrium layer, myometrium layer, and endometrium layer |
|
|
Term
| which uterine wall layer has serous layer (visceral peritoneum)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which uterine wall layer has interlacing layers of smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which uterine wall layer has mucosal lining? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the endometrium what changes in response to ovarian hormone cyles and is shed during menstruation? |
|
Definition
| stratum functionalis (functional layer) |
|
|
Term
| what are the two layers of the endometrium? |
|
Definition
functional layer (stratum functionalis)
and basal layer (stratum basalis) |
|
|
Term
| in the endometrium what forms new functionalis after menstruation and unresponsive to ovarian hormones? |
|
Definition
| stratum basalis (basal layer) |
|
|
Term
| uterine arteries arise from _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arcuate arteries is in the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
radial brancehs in the endometrium branch into
spiral arteries -> ________ _______
straight arteries -> ___________ __________ |
|
Definition
-sratum functionalis
-stratum basalis |
|
|
Term
| spasms of _______ arteries leads to shedding of stratum functionalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the birth canal and organ copulation, extends between the bladder and the rectum form the cervix to the exterior and urtethra is embedded in the anterior wall/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 layer of the vagina? |
|
Definition
1) fibroelastic adventitia
2) smooth muscle muscularis
3) stratified squamous mucosa with rugae |
|
|
Term
| in the vagina, mucosa near the vaginal orifice forms and incomplete patition called the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upper end of the vagina surrounding the cervix is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| external genitalia is also know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fatty area ovelying pubic symphysis is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the hair-covered, fatty skin folds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the skin folds lying within labia majora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the recess between labia minora called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gland is homologous to the bulbourethral glands, and releases mucus into the vestibule for lubrication? |
|
Definition
| greater vestibular glands |
|
|
Term
| ______ is a erectile tissue hooded by a prepuce and has glans clitoris (exposed portion). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a diamond-shaped region between the pubic arch and coccyx and is bordered by the ischial tuberosities laterally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mammary glands are modified sweat glands consisting of _______ lobes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ligament attaches the breast to underlying muslcle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lobules within lobes contain ________ ________ that produce milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the journey of milk in the body? |
|
Definition
| milk -> lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinuses -> open to the outside at the nipple |
|
|
Term
| what is know as the production of female gametes and begins in the fetal period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oogonia (2n ovarian stem cells) multiplu by _______ and store nutients in oogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in oogenesis primary oocytes develop in _________ follicles and begin meiosis but stall in prophase I |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each month after puberty, a few _______ __________ are activated and one is selected each month to resume meiosis I |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oogenesis results in two haploid cells know as? |
|
Definition
| secondary oocyte and first polar body |
|
|
Term
| in oogenesis, the secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and is ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in oogenesis if the sceond oocyte is penetrate by sperm it completes meiosis II yielding _________ and _________ |
|
Definition
-ovum (the functional gamete)
-second polar body |
|
|
Term
| monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg is know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 phases in ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
| follicular phase and luteal phase |
|
|
Term
| ovarian cycle is a total of how many days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| period of follicle growth (days 1-14) is know as what phase in the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28) is know as what phase in the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ovulation occurs when in the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the follicular phase primordial follicle becomes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the primordial follicle is activated squamouslike cells become what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______enlarges to become a primary (1) follicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stratified epithelium (granulosa cells) form around oocyte and granulosa cells and oocyte guide one another's development when? |
|
Definition
| primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle |
|
|
Term
| connective tissue (theca folliculi) and granulosa cells cooperate to produce estrogens, zona pellucida forms around the oocyte, and fluid begins to accumulate when? |
|
Definition
| secondary follicle becomes a late secondary follicle |
|
|
Term
| antrum forms and expands to isolat the oocyte with its corna radiata on a stalk, vesicular follicle bulges from the external surface of the ovary, and the primary oocyte completes meiosis I when? |
|
Definition
| late secondary follicle becames a vesicular follicle |
|
|
Term
| when ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte with its corona radiata it is know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1-2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which, if fertilized, results in _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during what phase does ruptured follicle collapses and granulosa cells and interna thecal cells form corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corpus luteum secretes _______ and ________ during luteal phase |
|
Definition
| progesterone and estrogen |
|
|
Term
| if there is no pregnancy, the corpus lutem degenerates into a _______ _______ in 10 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if there is pregnancy occurs, _________ __________ produces hormones until the placenta takes over at about 3 months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during childhood, _________ grow and secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as puberty nears, GnRH is released; ______ and ______ are released bu the pituitary, and act on the ovaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ovaries secrete small amounts of estrogens and estrogen inhibits release of GnRH when in the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
| during childhood until puberty |
|
|
Term
| leptin from adipose tissue decreases the estrogen inhibition and GnRH, FSH, and LH are released when in the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in about four years, and adult cyclic pattern is achieved and _________ occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GnRH causes release of _____ and ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes growth of several follicles, and estrogen release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what inhibit the release of FSH and LH, stimulate synthesis and storage of FSH and LH, and enhance further estrogen output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high estrogen levels have a _______ feedback effect on the pituitary at midcycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LH surge occurs at what day in the 28-Day Ovarian Cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what causes
-completion of meiosis I (secondary oocyte continues on to metaphase II)
-triggers ovulation
-transforms ruptuted follicle into corpus luteum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what produces inhibin, progesterone, and estrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 hormones inhibit FSH and LH release? |
|
Definition
| inhibin, estrogen, and progestrogen |
|
|
Term
| Declining LH and FSH ends ________ activity and inhibits follicle development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what days does corpus luteum degenerates and ovarian hormones level drop sharply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at days 26-28 the blockade of ______ and _____ ends and the cycle starts anew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyclic changes in endometrium in response to ovarian hormones is know as what? |
|
Definition
| uterine (menstrual) cycle |
|
|
Term
| another name for uterine cycle is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 phases of menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
1)day 1-5: menstrual phase
2)days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
3)days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory) phase (constant 14-day length) |
|
|
Term
| which phase of the uterine cycle are ovarian hormones at their lowest levels, gonadotropins are beginning to rise, and stratum functionalis is shed and the menstrual flow occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what phase of the uterine cycle does estrogen levels prompt generation of new functional layer and increased synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium, also glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what phase of the uterine cycle does progesterone level prompt
-further development of endometrium
-glandular secretion of glycogen
-formation of the cervical mucus plug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if fertilization does not occur, what six things occur? |
|
Definition
1)corpus luteum degenerates
2)progesterone levels fall
3)spiral arteries kink and spasm
4)endometrial cells begin to die
5)spiral arteries constrict again, then relax and open wide
6)rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and the functional layer sloughs |
|
|
Term
what
-promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary
-exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract
-support the rapid but short-lived growth spurt at puberty
-induce secondary sex characteristics
-has metabolic effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 secondary sex characteristics that occurs because of estrogens? |
|
Definition
1)growth of breasts
2)increased deposit of subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts)
3)widening and lightening of the pelvis |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 metabolic effects that occurs because of estrogen? |
|
Definition
1)maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL
2)facilitates calcium uptake |
|
|
Term
| ___________ works with estrogen to establish and regulate the uterine cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| inhibits uterine motility and help prepare the breasts for lactation |
|
|
Term
| what engorges with blood during female sexual response? |
|
Definition
| clitoris, vaginal mucosa and breasts |
|
|
Term
| female sexual response is initiated by ___________ and __________ |
|
Definition
| touch and psychological stimuli |
|
|
Term
| what gland lubricate the vestibule in female sexual response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| orgasm is accompanied by what? |
|
Definition
| muscle tension, increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmic contractions of the uterus |
|
|
Term
| females do not have _________ period after orgasm and can experience multiple orgasms in a single sexual experience |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
orgasm is essential for conception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| only one of the ________ pairs of chromosomes in body cells are sex chromosomes: X and Y |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ________ gene on the Y chromosome initiates testes development and maleness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gonads begin to development in ______ week as gonadal ridges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts form ________ to the mesonephric (wolffian) ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paramesonephric (mullerian) duct is future male or female duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mesonephric (wolffian) duct is future male or female duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridges to provide germ cells destined to become spermatogonia or oogonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ begins development in seventh week in males, and eighth week in females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional and secondary sex characteristics appear in response to what ? |
|
Definition
| rising levels of gonadal hormones |
|
|
Term
| earliest time that reproduction is possible is during? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| declining estrogen levels cause these 5 things to occur? |
|
Definition
1)atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
2)irritability and depression in some
3)hot flashes s skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation
4)gradual thinning of the skin and bone loss
5)increased total blood cholesterol levels and falling HDL |
|
|
Term
| menopause occurs when _________ have ceased for an entire year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
there is no equivalent to menopause in males |
|
Definition
|
|
