Term
| THE PNS IS DIVIDED INTO WHAT 3 PARTS? |
|
Definition
| THE AUTONOMICNERVUS SYSTEM, SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
|
|
Term
| WHAT 2 PARTS IS THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DIVIDED INTO? |
|
Definition
| SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
|
|
Term
| WHAT 2 AREAS IS CONSIDERED THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM? |
|
Definition
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
|
|
Term
| ENDOGENOUS LIGANDS AFFECTING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ARE CALLED WHAT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DOES ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS LIGANDS ALWAYS CAUSE AN EFFECT VIA PERIPHERAL RECEPTORS? CAN THEY CHANGE THE CONCENTRATION OR ACTION OF ENDOGENOUS NEUROTRANSMITTERS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT TYPE OF NEURONS IS THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM MADE UP OF EXCLUSIVELY AND WHERE DO THEY INNERVATE? |
|
Definition
| MOTOR NEURONS THAT INNERVATE THE SKELETAL MUSCLES |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE MAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER OF THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE MAIN RECEPTOR OF THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM? |
|
Definition
| NICOTINIC (N). AKA NICOTINIC CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS. CHOLINERGIC COMES FROM THE TERM ACETYLCHOLINE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DO? |
|
Definition
| REGULATES GI TRACT'S MOTILITY AND SECRETION. |
|
|
Term
| WHERE IS THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'S INNERVATION FROM? CAN THE ENS FUNCTION WITHOUT THE ANS? |
|
Definition
| AUTONOMIC NERVES.. YES, THE ENS CAN FUNCTION WITHOUT THE ANS |
|
|
Term
| WHICH TYPE OF STIMULATION ACTIVATES THE ENS? WHAT TYPE OF STIUMULATION INHIVITS THE ENS? |
|
Definition
| PARASYMPATHETIC, SYMPATHETIC |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE NEUROTRANSMITTERS ASSOCIATED WITH ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM? |
|
Definition
| NEUROPEPTIDE Y, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE (VIP), ENKEPHALIN, SUBSTANCE p, SEROTONIN, ATP, AND NITRIC OXIDE AMONG OTHERS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT SYSTEM ARE WE PRIMARILY ALTERING WITH ANESTHESIA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE INVOLUNTARY REGULATION OF THE ANS ARE IN WHAT AREAS? |
|
Definition
| CARDIAC MUSCLE, SMOOTH MUSCLE, VISCERAL REFLEXES, AND GLANDULAR FUNCTIONS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT TPE OF NEURONS DOES BOTH THE SNS AND PNS DIVISIONS CONTAIN. |
|
Definition
| BOTH DIVISIONS CONTAIN A PREGANGLIONIC AND POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IS A MASS OF NERVE CELL BODIES |
|
|
Term
| WHERE DOES PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS ORIGINATE AND TERMINATE AT? |
|
Definition
| NEURONS ORIGINATE IN THE BRAINSTEM AND SPINAL CORD AND TERMINATE AT AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE AUTONOMIC GANGLIA? |
|
Definition
| SYNAPSE POINTS BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS. |
|
|
Term
| WHERE DOES POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS HAVE THEIR CELL BODIES AT AND WHERE DO THEY TERMINATE? |
|
Definition
| POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS HAVE THEIR CELL BODIES AT THE AUTONOMIC GANGLIA AND TERMINATE AT EFFECTOR ORGANS |
|
|
Term
| WHERE DOES THE SNS NERVES ARISE FROM? |
|
Definition
| THE THORACIC AND LUMBAR SPINAL CORD. AKA THORACOLUMBAR SYSTEM. T1-L3 |
|
|
Term
| ARE THE SNS PREGANGLIONIC AND POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS SHORT OR LONG? |
|
Definition
| SHORT PREGANGLIONIC AND LONG POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES THE SNS PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS CARRY? |
|
Definition
| IMPULSES TO ONE OF MANY SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE PARAVERTEBRAL CHAIN ALSO KNOWN AS? |
|
Definition
| SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA |
|
|
Term
| DOES NERVE FIBERS SYNAPSE IN THE SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA? |
|
Definition
| SOME NER FIBERS SYNAPSE IN THE CHAIN, WHILE OTHERS PASS THROUGH AND SYNAPSE IN GANGLIA SLIGHTLY MORE DISTAL FROM THE CORD. |
|
|
Term
| THE CEPHALAD PORTION IS MADE UP OF 3 DISTINCT GANGLIA. WHAT ARE THEY? |
|
Definition
| SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION, MIDDLE CERVICAL GANGLION, AND LOWER CERVICAL GANGLION AKA (STELLATE GANGLION) |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES THE SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION DO? |
|
Definition
| PROVIDES INNERVATION TO THE PUPIL, SALIVARY GLANDS, LACRIMAL GLANDS, AND BLOOD VESSELS AND SWEAT GLANDS OF THE HEAD AND NECK. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES THE MIDDLE CERVICAL GANGLION DO? |
|
Definition
| PROVIDES INNERVATION TO THE HEART AND LUNGS. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES THE LOWER CERVICAL GANGLION AKA STELLATE GANGLION DO? |
|
Definition
| COMBINES LOWER CERVICAL AND UPPER THORACIC NERVES. PROVIDES INNERVATION TO HEAD, NECK AND ARM (BLOOD VESSELS, SWEAT GLANDS), THE HEART AND LUNGS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA? |
|
Definition
| CELIAC GANGLION AND SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR MESENTERIC GANGLIA. |
|
|
Term
| WHERE ARE THE PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA ARRANGED AT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE PREVERTEBRAL VS PARAVERTEBRAL CHAIN? |
|
Definition
| IN COMPARISON TO THE NEURONS THAT SYNAPSE IN THE PARAVERTEBRAL CHAIN, THESE NEURONS HAVE A LONGER PREGANGLIONIC SEGMENT. |
|
|
Term
| WHERE DOES THE CELIAC GANGLION RECEIVE INNERVATION? |
|
Definition
| FROM THE SPLANCHNIC NERVE (THORACIC ORIGIN) |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES THE POSTSYNAPTIC CELIAC GANGLION NEURONS INNERVATE? |
|
Definition
| STOMACH, LIVER, SPLEEN, SMALL INTESTINES, PANCREAS, KIDNEY AND ABDOMINAL BLOOD VESSELS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT PART OF THE SPINE DOES THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR MESENTERIC GANGLIA RECEIVE SIGNALS FROM? |
|
Definition
| THE LUMBAR PORTION OF THE SPINE |
|
|
Term
| WHERE DOES THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR MESENTERIC GANGLIA INNERVATE? |
|
Definition
| THE LARGE INTESTINES, RECTYM, GENITALS, BLADDER, AND LOWER EXTREMITIY BLOOD VESSELS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER THAT IS EXCRETED AT NERVE TERMINAL OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT TYPE OF RECEPTORS ARE PRESENT AT THE SYNPASE GANGLIA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHERE DOES THE POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS BEGIN AND END AT? |
|
Definition
| POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS BEGIN AT THE GANGLION AND TRAVEL THE DISTANCE TO THE INNERVATED ORGAN |
|
|
Term
| WHAT TYPE OF POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER INNERVATE THE MAJORITY OF THE ORGANS AND VESSELS IN OUR BODY? |
|
Definition
| SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE RATIO OF PREGANGLIONIC TO POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS? |
|
Definition
| 1:20. DIFFUSE REACTION SOCCUR AFTER SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER AT THE NERVE TERMINAL FOR POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE RECEPTORS FOR POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS? |
|
Definition
| ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. ADRENERGIC COMES FROM THE WORK ADRENALINE, SYNONYMOUS WITH EPINEPHRINE... NORADRENERGIC REFERS TO NORADRENALINE OR NOREPINEPHRINE...ADRENERGIC RECEPTOS INCLUDE ALPHA, BETA, AND DA (DOPAMINERGIC) RECEPTORS |
|
|
Term
| A SWEAT GLAND IS AN EXCEPTION TO THE POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER. WHAT DOES THE POSTGANGLIONIC NERVE FIBERS RELEASE AND WHAT ARE THE RECEPTORS? |
|
Definition
| ACH, MUSCARINIC CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS (M) |
|
|
Term
| DOES THE SYMPATHETIC NERVES THAT INNERVATE THE ADRENAL MEDULA SYNAPSE IN A GANGLION? |
|
Definition
| NO. THE PREGANGLIONIC NERVE FIBER CARRIES THE IMPULSE DIRECTLY TO THE ADRENAL GLAND |
|
|
Term
| ACH IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASED TO THE WHAT CELL IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ONCE ACH BIND TO THE CROMAFFIN CELLS IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA WHAT IS RELEASED INTO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION? |
|
Definition
| EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE |
|
|
Term
| THE RELEASE OF CATECHOLAMINES GREATLY FAVORS WHAT? |
|
Definition
| 80% EPI AND 20% NOREPI. THE ADRENAL MEDULLA IS THE ONLY PLACE THAT EPI IS RELEASED |
|
|
Term
| THE VASCULAR BEDS OF SKELETEAL MUSCLES HAVE SOME SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION WHICH CAUSES VASODILATION. WHAT ARE THE RECEPTORS? |
|
Definition
| NICOTINIC CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS |
|
|
Term
| DOES THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PERFORM REST AND DIGEST? |
|
Definition
| YES. SALIVATION, LACRIMATION, URINATION, DEFACATION |
|
|
Term
| NERVES OF THE PARASYMPATHETHIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ARISE FROM WHICH CRANIAL NERVES? |
|
Definition
| 3,7,9,10 AND SACRAL PORTION OF THE SPINAL CORD |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE PARASYMPATHETHIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ALSO KNOWN AS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ARE THE PARASYMPATHETHIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PREGANGLIONIC AND POSTGANGLIONIC NEURINS SHORT OR LONG? |
|
Definition
| OPPOSITE OF SNS. LONG PREGANGLIONIC AND SHORT POSTGANGLIONIC |
|
|
Term
| WHERE DOES THE GANGLIA POSITIONED AT IN THE PNS? |
|
Definition
| THEY LIE IN OR VERY NEAR TO THE EFFECTOR ORGAN |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES CN 7 DO FROM THE PARASYMPATHETHIC NERVOUS SYSTEM? |
|
Definition
| SUBMAXILLARY AND SUBLINGUAL GLAND SALIVATION. LACRIMAL GLAND TEAR PRODUCTION |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES THE PARASYMPATHETHIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DO TO CN9. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE PERCENTAGE OF CN 10 THAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE PNS ACTIVITY? WHAT ORGANS DO THEY ACCOUNT FOR? |
|
Definition
| 75. MAJOR ORGANS IN CHEST AND ABDOMEN AND GI SYSTEM DOWN TO PROXIMAL COLON |
|
|
Term
| WHAT TYPES OF NERVES FROM THE PNS INNERVATE THE REMAINDER OF THE COLON, BLADDER, AND GENITALS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FOR THE PNS WHAT IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASED AT PREGANGLIONIC NERVE TERMINAL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE RECEPTOR AT THE AUTONOMIC GANGLIAM OF THE PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER THAT IS RELEASED AT POSTGAGNGLIONIC NERVE TERMINAL OF THE PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE RECEPTOR AT THE POSTGANGLIONIC NERVE TERMINAL (EFFECTOR ORGAN) OF THE PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE RATIO OF PREGANGLIONIC TO POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN THE PNS? |
|
Definition
| 1:1 OR 1:3. THIS ALLOS FOR MORE PRECISE OR DISCRETE RESPONSE TO STIMULATION THAT SEEN WITH SNS. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS ACH SYNTHESIZED FROM, WHERE, AND BY WHAT? |
|
Definition
| ACH IS SYNTHESIZED FROM CHOLINE AND ACETATE N THE CYTOPLASM OF THE NEURON BY ACTEYLTRANSFERASE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE RATE LIMITING STEP IN ACH SYNTHESIS? |
|
Definition
| THE AVAILABILITY OF CHOLINE |
|
|
Term
| WHERE IS ACH STORED AT WHILE IT AWAIT SON ACTION POTENTIAL? |
|
Definition
| IN THE VESICLES OF THE NEURON |
|
|
Term
| WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE NERVE IS STIMULATED-WHAT DOES CALCIUM DO? |
|
Definition
| THE ACTION POTENTIAL CAUSES CALCIUM TO ENTER THE NEURON, INDUCING EXOCYTOSIS OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER-FILLED VESICLES. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE GOAL OF THE ACH AFTER IT IS RELEASED BY EXOCYTOSIS? |
|
Definition
| THE VESICLES RELEASE THE ACH INTO THE SYNAPSE OF THE NEURON FOR IT TO STIMULATE THE POST SYNAPTIC CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS |
|
|
Term
| IF THE POST RECEPTORS AFTER THE SYNAPSE ARE IN THE SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN? |
|
Definition
| THEY CAUSE THE PROPAGATION OF THE IMPULSE DOWN THE POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER |
|
|
Term
| IN THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM WHAT NEUROTRANSMITTER STIMULATES WHAT RECEPTORS ON SKELETAL MUSCLES? |
|
Definition
| THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM THE ACH STIMULATE THE NICOTINIC RECEPTORS ON SKELETAL MUSCLE |
|
|
Term
| THE SYNAPTIC ACH CAN ALSO STIMULATE RECEPTORS ON WHAT SIDE OF THE NEURON? WHAT DOES THIS DO AND WHAT IS IT CALLED? |
|
Definition
| THE PRESYNAPTIC SIDE. THIS IN TURN STIMULATES THE RELEASE OF MORE ACH (POSITIVE FEEDBACK). |
|
|
Term
| AFTER THE POSTSYNAPTICE RECEPTOR IS STIMULATED, THE ACH IS RAPIDLY HYDROLYZED BY WHAT, BACK TO WHAT? |
|
Definition
| ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE BACK TO CHOLINE AND ACETATE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT HAPPENS AFTER ACH IS BROKEN DOWN IN THE POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTOR? |
|
Definition
| THE CHOLINE IS TRANSPORTED BACK IN TO THE NERVE TERMINAL AND RECYCLES BACK INTO ACH. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS A STRUCTURE OF A CATECHOLAMINE? |
|
Definition
| A CATECHOL NUCLEUS (A BENZENE RING WITH 2 ADJACENT HYDROXYL GROUPS) AND AN AMINE-CONTAINING SIDE CHAINE |
|
|
Term
| WHERE DOES CATECHOLAMEIN SYNTHESIS TAKE PLACE AT? |
|
Definition
| IN NERVE TERMINALS AND IN CROMAFFIN CELLS |
|
|
Term
| TYROSINE IS TRANSPORTED INTO THE NERVE TERMINAL AND CONVERTED BY THE ENZYME ______ INTO ______. |
|
Definition
| TYROSINE HYDOXYLASE INTO DIHYDROXYPENYLALANINE (DOPA) |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE RATE LIMITING ENZYME FOR CATECHOLAMEIN SYNTHESIS? |
|
Definition
| TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE. THEREFORE, THIS IS THE RATE LIMITING STEP |
|
|
Term
| IN THE CYTOPLASM OF THE NEURON WHAT IS DOPA CONVERTED TO AND BY WHAT ENZYNME? |
|
Definition
| DOPA IS CONVERTED TO DOPAMINE BY THE ENZYME DOPA DECARBOXYLASE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT HAPPENS AFTER DOPA IS CONVERTED TO DOPAMINE? |
|
Definition
| IT IS TRANSPORTED INTO THE SYNAPTIC VESICLES WHERE IT IS CONVERTED TO NOREPINEPHRINE BY THE ENZYME DOPAMINE-BETA-HYDROXYLASE |
|
|
Term
| IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA THE NOREPI IS CONVERTED TO WHAT BY WHAT? |
|
Definition
| EPI BY PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N-METHYTRANSFERASE (PNMT) |
|
|
Term
| PNMT CONCENTRATION IS HIGHYL DEPENDENT ON AN ADEQUATE AMOUT OF WHAT BEING DELIVERD INTO THE ADRENA MEDULLA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE IS MEDIATED IN THE SAME WAY AS ACH RELEASE WHICH IS HOW? |
|
Definition
| BY CALCIUM-MEDIATED EXOCYTOSIS. |
|
|
Term
| PRESYNAPTIC ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATION LEADS TO THE INHIBITION OF WHAT? |
|
Definition
| NOREPI RELEASE (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK) |
|
|
Term
| AS A CATECHOLAMINE DIFFUES AWAY FROM THE RECEPTOR, IT IS REMOVED FROM THE SYNAPTIC CLEFT BY HOW MANY MECHANISMS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ONE WAY A CATECHOLAMEIN DIFFUSES AWAY FROM THE RECEPTOR IS BY |
|
Definition
| REUPTAKE OF THE CATECHOLAMINE INTO THE PRESYNAPTIC NEURON. THIS IS BY FAR THE MOST IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN THE TERMINATION OF CATECHOLAMEIN EFFECT |
|
|
Term
| ANOTHER WAY A CATECHOLAMEIN DIFFUSES AWAY FROM THE RECEPTORS IS BY |
|
Definition
| DIFFUSION OUT OF THE SYNAPTIC CLEFT |
|
|
Term
| THE 3RD WAY A CATECHOLAMINE DIFFUSES AWAY FROM THE RECEPTOR IS BY |
|
Definition
| METABOLISM OF THE CATECHOLAMINE TO AN INACTIVE METABOLITE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT 2 ENZYMES TAKE PART IN CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM? |
|
Definition
| MONOAMINE OXIDASE (MAO) AND CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES MAO-A METABOLIZE? |
|
Definition
| SEROTONIN, NOREPI, AND DOPAMINE, AS WELL AS DETOXIFIES CHEESE AND WINE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES MAO-B METABOLIZE? |
|
Definition
| IS MORE SELECTIVE FOR DOPAMINE |
|
|
Term
| EPI AND NOREPI ARE METABOLIZED BY MAO AND COMT INTO SEVERAL INACTIVE METABOLITES WHICH ARE EXCRETED IN THE URINE AS |
|
Definition
| METANEPHRINE, NORMETANEPHRINE AND VANILLYLMANDELIC ACID (VMA) |
|
|
