Term
| In 1453, the Ottomans took over which sea? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the ruler for the Ottomans from around 1520 to 1566? |
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Definition
| Suleiman 'The Magnificent' |
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Term
| In what year did the Ottomans seize Belgrade and how did that help them enter Europe? |
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Definition
| By seizing Belgrade in 1521, they were able to capture Rhodes and evict the Knights of St. John therefore removing the last remaining obstacle to their domination of the East Mediterranean. |
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Term
| Who did Charles V put in his place during his absence? |
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Definition
| He delegated the administration and defence of his Austrian lands to his brother Ferdinand. |
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Term
| What caused the Ottomans to retreat from the gates of Vienna? |
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Definition
| Severe weather conditions. Ferdinand had already been forced to flee, and he never forgot how close he had been to losing his capital. |
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Term
| Explain what occured during the Ottoman attack on Guns, and specify the date it occured. |
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Definition
| In 1532, Charles V stood in the way of the largest army ever seen in Europe, and he was able to repel their assault on Guns, 60 miles south of Vienna. This was the Ottoman's only military setback. |
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Term
| In what year was Ferdinand forced out of Buda? |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1547, what agreement did Ferdinand settle with the Sultan? |
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Definition
| He was to pay him 30'000 ducats a year in exchange for holding a small strip of western Hungary. |
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Term
| In what year did the Ottomans succeed in attacking Transylvania? |
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Definition
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Term
| Habspurg Emporers strengthed their frontier defenses in anticipation for more Ottoman attacks. Did this save Austria? |
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Definition
| Apart from some desultory fighting between 1552 and 1568, Austria was spared. |
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Term
| What year did Sulieman die? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who were Sulieman's two successors, and in what time period did they reign? Did their strategies differ at all from Suleiman? |
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Definition
| Selim the Sot reigned immediately after Sulieman's death 1566-1574, and Murad III reigned after Selim's death, from 1574-1595. They concentrated on defense rather than expansion. |
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Term
| The Ottomans vast empire was beginning to take a toll on them, especially with state debts. Peace would have lasted longer if Murad hadn't retaliated; but what caused Murad III to retaliate? |
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Definition
| Emperor Rudolf refused to continue paying his tribute, and Murad retaliated. |
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Term
| Explain the Long War. Specify dates. |
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Definition
| The Long War (1593-1606) started badly for the Turks with revolts occuring in their own states. Persia invaded Anatolia in 1599, and Hungarian troops demonstrated suprerior firepower, inflicting the Turks with their first serious military setback in over a century. All sides agreed on a treaty in 1686 at Zsitva-Torok when Transylvanian and Hungarian towns were won and lost in sieges. |
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Term
| Did the lives of peasants in the Balkans change the Ottomans conquered their land? |
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Definition
| Peassants begun being treated much better than before. They were protected by the new landlords, and had their feudal services abolished. |
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Term
| How did Balkans change once under Ottoman rule? |
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Definition
| Peasants were treated better. Christians who live in the Balkans, were allowed religious toleration and mixed marriages, although they were encouraged to convert to Islam. The freedom and content was one of the reasons that the Balkans remained under Ottoman control for 400 years. |
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Term
| How did the Ottomans affect the Holy Roman Empire? (Detailed) |
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Definition
| The Empire looked on Charles V to counter the Ottomans, but his political commitments consistently distracted him and forced him to confine his efforts to stemming the Turkish advance in North Africa. He was unsuccessful, losing in Tunis (1534), Algiers (1541), and Tripoli, Bougie and Penon de Velez in the 1550's. German princes exploited the Ottoman threat by forcing him to make political and religious concessions. The Ottoman's were also helped by France. Charles compromised religion to attend to the Turks. |
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Term
| How did King Ferdinand attempt to reduce the possibility that Granadan Moriscos would receive help from Muslims in North Africa? |
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Definition
| He seized five coastal settlements, including Tripoli and Algiers, and secured Spain's sea routes between Sicily, Sardinia and Tunisia. |
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Term
| How did the creation of a Turkish fleet help the Ottomans? |
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Definition
| They were able to conquer Egypt and renew the threat to Spain's possessions. They won against Barbarossa and won Tunis and Algiers, not to mention other North African settlements. Spanish communications were endangered and the towns of Malaga, Cadiz and Gibralter suffered raids from corsair pirates. |
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Term
| What was Phillip II's influence in the war? |
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Definition
| He responded to the Muslim threat in 1560, when his troops occupied the island of Djerba, preparing for an attack on Tripoli, but it was a disaster. 1564, they recovered Penon, which renewed Spanish spirits, but they were quickly demoralized when they discovered that Malta was being seiged. This marked the Ottoman expansion in Europe |
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Term
| What was the outcome of the battle of Lepanto? |
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Definition
| The Christian fleet met the Ottomans at Lepanto, which ensued in a battle (October 1571). They were two of the largest fleets ever assembled. The Christians won. The Ottomans lost 30'000 men, and it was their worst defeat since 1402. |
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Term
| How did the Ottomans recover from the battle of Lepanto? |
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Definition
| This battle was thought of as the end of the conflict between Muslims and Christians, although the Turks rebuilt another navy just 6 monthes after and captured Cyprus. In 1574, a massive turkish fleet seized Tunis and put the Spanish garrison to fight. |
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Term
| What happened after the recovery of the Turkish fleet? |
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Definition
| Just as it seemed that the Ottomans were regaining the initiative, Selim died, and he was the last competent sultan for over a hundred years. Western Europe had been saved by sheer luck. |
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Term
| How did the expansion of the Ottoman empire affect Spain? |
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Definition
| For 20 years after Philip II's accession in 1556, the Dutch Revolt had gained momentum. There was also belief that the Spanish Moriscos were in secret contact with the Ottoman Muslims in Istanbul. Even they fought together in their rebellion of 1598-70, letters indicate that the sultan was planning an attack on Spanish lands. Nothing was proved, but Philip II continued to investigate. |
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Term
| What did the victory of the Cross over the Crescent prove? |
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Definition
| It proved that the European military and naval tactics, not to mention equipment and application were second to none as well as ideological and religious supreriority. |
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Term
| What did the victory of the Cross over the Crescent prove? |
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Definition
| It proved that the European military and naval tactics, not to mention equipment and application were second to none as well as ideological and religious superiority. |
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Term
| What were the differences between the European and Turkish fortifications? |
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Definition
| The European fortifications withstood many more attacks than the Turkish fortifications could, and although Ncosia in Cyprus (1570) and Szigeth in Hungary (1566) both fell, Vienna, Guns, Corfu and Malta all withstood lengthy sieges from man and artillery. |
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Term
| What were the differences between the European and Turkish armies? |
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Definition
| European armies placed more emphasis on drill and discipline, on practicing formations and combining infantry, artillery and cavalry. Many said that the European infantry skill could defeat the Turkish cavalry, and that the skill worked better than the Turkish multitudes. |
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Term
| What were the naval differences between the Europeans and the Turkish? |
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Definition
| The Turkish navy never developed the flexibility in ship design or strategy achieved by its European counterparts. As the Spanish and Portuguese adapted their boats to sail the Mediterranean capable of both trading and fighting, they were able to counter the Ottoman fleet and merchant shipping. The Turks always put more ships to sea, the Christians had better fleets and superior cannon fire. |
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Term
| What caused the decline of the Ottoman Empire? |
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Definition
| For starters, unorganised disagreements between sons made weaknesses in the Ottoman Empire. The Turks were also behind dramatically in technological and military tactics. They also had many revolts that took place in several periods of time, not to mention the size of the empire. With such a large empire, communication between regions was difficult. |
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