Term
| What are the functions of the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
- Analysis of material - taste perception
- Mechanical processing
- Lubrication - mucus and saliva
- Digestion of carbs - NOT protein
- NO absorption of nutrients - some absorption of lipid soluble drugs. |
|
|
Term
| What are structures of the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
- Hard palate - bony, forms bolus.
- Soft palate - made of smooth and skeletal muscle
- Oropharynx - behind mouth --> laryngopharynx
- Uvula - prevents food from getting into nasal cavity
- Epiglottis - prevents food from getting into trachea |
|
|
Term
| What cranial nerve innervates the tongue? |
|
Definition
cranial nerve VII. Also sublingual salivary glands
- ageusia - loss of taste
- dysgeusia - distortion of taste.
** Cranial nerve 9 - 1/3 of taste buds, some salivation |
|
|
Term
| What is the anatomy of taste buds? |
|
Definition
- Filiform papillae - for friction, do not taste
- Fungiform papillae - contain tastebuds
- Circumvallate papillae - V shape in the back of the tongue. Also taste (bitter)
** salty/sour - ion-gated receptors
** Sweet/bitter - GPCRs |
|
|
Term
| What major drugs can inhibit or change taste? |
|
Definition
- Antimicrobials - especially Lamisil
- Anti-hypertensives - AceI
- Anti-arrhythmics - amiodarone
- Antihyperlipidemics - all statins
- STEROIDS!
- CNS agents |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of tonsils and where are they located? |
|
Definition
May have no function or a function in immunity
The Pharyngeal tonsil is above the uvula, the pair of palantine tonsils is underneath the uvula, and the lingual tonsil is behind the tongue. |
|
|
Term
| What are the salivary glands and where are they located? |
|
Definition
Parotid gland - 25%
Sublingual gland - 5%
Submandibular gland - 70%
**Secretion of zymogen granules releases saliva - acinar cells. Serous part of acinar cells make amylase, mucus is also made --> into salivary duct. IgA present |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of saliva? |
|
Definition
- Lubricate the mouth - 99.4% water
- Moisten - mucus present
- Dissolve chemicals in food, allowing taste buds to work
- Initiates digestion of starches and a little bit of lipids. NO absorption of nutrients
- Oral hygeine - lysozyme and IgA
- Neutralize acid |
|
|
Term
| How is salivation controlled? |
|
Definition
The PSNS - Stimulation of the salivatory nucleus via the 7th cranial nerve
Even just thinking about food can produce this reflex |
|
|
Term
| What conditions can affect the salivary glands? |
|
Definition
- Sjogrens - autoimmune, exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva destroyed. RF+
- Mumps - parotid gland inflammation caused by a virus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the anatomy of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
- Upper sphincter is made of skeletal muscle, normally closed.
- Further down the esophagus = less skeletal muscle. Can expand to receive a bolus - squamous cells
- Lower sphincter - transition from squamous to stomach tissue --> sling fibers. Made of smooth muscle
- Diaphragm - costal and crural muscle. Crural contracts to close the sphincter.
- Pressure normally does not exceed 30 mmHg |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
- Transport solids and liquids to the stomach
- Prevent regurgitation. Upper sphincter stays closed even when upside down. |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for chewing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of swallowing? |
|
Definition
- Buccal phase - voluntary, the act of swallowing. Upper sphincter still contracted
- Pharyngeal phase - upper sphincter opens
- Esophageal phase - Upper sphincter closes, bolus moves down
- Lower esophageal sphincter opens when bolus reaches it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When the LES fails to relax - leads to chest pain during eating, weight loss, and regurgitation.
May result from a decrease in VIP or NO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When esophageal reflux causes symptoms or complications - heartburn w/ or w/o inflammation. Usually a problem with the LES remaining open, allowing a return. |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophysiology of GERD? |
|
Definition
- Relux due to impaired LES, sling fibers, or crural diaphragm.
- TLESRs - transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations, MOST EPISODES. Gastric distention. GabaB agonists cause
- Hiatal hernia - esophagus bulges, stomach slides into thoracic cavity --> displacement of LES and diaphragm.
- Increased pressure gradient due to obesity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fundus/upper part of the stomach is wrapped around the esophagus, reinforcing the LES. Prevents GERD. |
|
|
Term
| What is Barrett's Esophagus? |
|
Definition
| Long term damage from GERD causes the migration of cells and an eventual carcinoma/cancer |
|
|
Term
| What are esophageal varices? |
|
Definition
| Blood flow from the esophagus drains to the liver. Any problem with the liver back blood up into the esophagus --> veins bulge, passing food can break the veins. |
|
|
