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| chemicals in the air which binds to chemoreceptors in Olfactory epithelium |
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| Olfactory epithelium is located in the...? |
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| are precursors for the development for new receptors |
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| neurons that respond to odorants |
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| maintain the extracellular environment surrounding the receptor cells |
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| produces the mucus found in the nasal cavity and olfactory neuron axons. |
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| contains receptors that bind with specific odorant molecules.These cilia are immotile and increase SA |
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| AXON of olfactory receptor: |
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| enter the CNS through holes(foramina) in the cribriform plate of the skull and terminate in the olfactory bulb. |
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| Cilia projected into mucus: |
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| Olfactory binding proteins are located in the...? |
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| Olfactory binding proteins transport odorants to? |
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| Base of skull with holes through which axons of receptor cells can travel |
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| Binding of an odorant molecule to a membrane receptor activates: |
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| G-olf activates the enzyme: |
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| Adenylate cyclase catalyzes: |
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| cation channels, opening them and allowing both sodium and calcium ions to enter the cell. |
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| The primary effect of sodium and calcium entry is: |
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| specific olfactory receptor cells for each type of odorant-binding protein |
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| chemical in the food that bind to chemoreceptors |
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| The chemoreceptors for taste are loacated in structures called |
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| contain 50-150 receptor cells and numerous support cells |
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| over 10,000-tongue, roof of mouth and pharynx |
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| modified epithelial cells with microvilli that extend into the pore of taste bud. Also respond to tastants |
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| Caused by the presence of acid in food (H+). Book |
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| Caused by the presence of Na+ ions in the food.(Book) |
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| Caused by the presence of organic molecules such as sucrose(ligands). (Book) |
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| Due to ligands.Block the K+ channel thereby decreasing K+ diffusion out of cell-depolarizing and opening VGCC. Calium enters the cell and triggers release of a transmitter. |
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| entry of sound waves and conduct them to the tympanic membrane |
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| The function of the pinna is to collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the auditory canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process which adds directional information to the sound |
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| External Auditory Meatus( ear canal): |
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| ear canal;is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. |
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| Tympanic membrane(eardrum) |
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| separates the external and middle ear; Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. |
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| the function of the middle ear is amplification of suond waves in preparation for the transmission of those waves from air to a fluid environment. |
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| Stapes, incus, malleus serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea). |
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| membrane between the middle and inner ear; transmits sound waves from middle ear to inner ear |
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| membrane between the middle ear and inner ear; dissipates sound waves in the inner ear |
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| connects the middle ear with the pharynx, or throat, helps maintain normal pressure in the middle ear. |
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| a spiral-shaped structure that contain the receptor cells for hearing. |
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| nerve that contains the afferents for hearing and equilibrium; cranial nerveVIII |
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| fluid in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani |
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| the fluid in the scala media |
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| structures of the inner ear that contains the receptor cells for the equilibrium including the semicircular canals, utricles, and saccule |
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| structure in the inner ear that contains the the receptor cells for rotational acceleration |
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| structure of the inner ear; detects forward and backward linear acceleration |
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| structure of the inner ear; detects up and down linear acceleration |
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| Detect movement of head up or down(yes) |
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| Detect movement of head up and down to the side |
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| Detect movement of head from side to side(no) |
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| an enlarged area at the base of each semicircular canal. At the bases of each ampulla is a cristea, which contains support cell and hair cells |
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| a gelatinous area separated from the endolymph by a membrane. contains hair cells that detect angular acceleration |
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| large stereocilia projecting from the receptor cells for equilibrium; direction of bending in response to acceleration of the body determines direction of receptor potential in receptor cells |
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| small calcium carbonate crystals that add mass to the gelatinous material. |
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| a tough connective tissue made up of the "white" of the eye. |
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| a transparent structure that allows light to enter the eye |
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| located beneath the sclera and contains blood vessels that nourish the inner layer of the eye, which include photoreceptors |
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| are attached to the lens by strand of connective tissue called zonular fibers; regulates the curvature of the lens for focusing light |
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| strands of connective tissue in the eye that connect the ciliary muscles to the lens and are involved in adjusting the shape of the lens to focus light |
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| clear object in the eye that focuses light on the retina |
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| hole through which light can enter the eye |
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| pigmented smooth muscles in the eye that sits in front of the lens and regulates the diameter of the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye |
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| innermost layer of the eye; consists of neural tissue and contains photoreceptors |
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| Retinal pigmented epithelium: |
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| epithelial layers of the retina that absorbs light waves after they pass through the neural retina |
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| cells located in the retina of the eye that detects light waves; includes cones and rods |
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| the central region on the retina, where light from the center of the visual field strikes; greatest visual acuity |
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| the portion of the retina where the optic nerve and blood vessels supplying the eye pass through the retina. Because no photoreceptor, this area is a blind spot. |
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| a region where light striking the retina cannot be transduced into neural impulses and thus cannot be perceived |
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| chamber of the eye in front of lens and ciliary muscles |
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| fluid in the anterior cavity of the eye that nourishes the lens and cornea |
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| vitreous chamber(posterior): |
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| cavity of the eye posterior to the lens and ciliary muscles |
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| jelly-like material found in the vitreous chamber of the eye; maintains the spherical structure of the eye |
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| provides the ability to see in black and white during relatively low light conditions, such as the light provided by the moon light. |
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| provide us with color vision, but they are active only in relatively bright light, such as sunlight during the day |
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| inner layer of retina; cluster of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system |
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| middle layer of retina contains neurons |
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| Amacrine and horizontal cell: |
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| neurons that modulate communication between the cells in the retina |
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| a depression in the center of the retina that contains the fovea; contains a high density of cones |
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| the conversion of light energy in to electrical signals, is carried out by the rods and cones. |
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| Photopic vision(color vision): |
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| increased volume aqueous humor |
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| irregularities of lens or cornea cause erratic bending of light waves |
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| detect pressure, force or vibration |
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| detect tissue-damaging stimuli |
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| is perceived as a sharp pricking sensation that can be easily localized; it is transmitted by A delta fiber |
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| is perceived as a poorly localized, dull aching sensation; transmitted by C fibers |
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| the perception of a painful stimulus as originating at a site on the body distinct from the location of the stimuli |
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| somatic signal of nonpainful sources can inhibit signals of pain at the spinal level |
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| the ability to block pain through descending pathway via the brain |
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| branch of the nervous system associated with perception of somatic sensation; associated with receptors in the skin and proprioception |
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| the perception of the position of limbs and the body |
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| the precision with which the location of a stimuli is perceived |
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| a stimulus that strongly excites receptor in a given location inhibits activity in the afferent pathways of other nearby receptors |
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