Term
| Cancers seem to develop progressively, as a result of __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 detrimental effects associated with atrophy? |
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Definition
1) Decrease in cell size
2) Energy requirement as a means of survival
3) Less organelles |
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Term
| What are 3 causes of of atrophy? |
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Definition
1) Disuse (leads to denervation)
2) Lack of endocrine stimulation (menopause)
3) Ischemia (decreased blood flow) |
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Term
| What is brown atrophy and what are detrimental effects associated with it? |
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Definition
1) Brown atrophy is the destruction of cellular components such as the mitochondria, ER in heart muscles, nerves and liver.
2) In brown atrophy, cells release lipfuscin which is a yellow/brown pigment; condition increases with age. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) A yellow/brown pigment associated with brown atrophy which is released by atrophic cells; amount secreted increases with age. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Deranged cell growth in specific tissues resulting in cells of various shapes and sizes. |
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Term
| What are 2 causes of dysplasia? |
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Definition
1) Chronic irritaiton
2) Inflammation |
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Term
| Is dysplasia reversible? If so, what must first occur? |
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Definition
| 1) Yes when the insult is removed |
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Term
| Is it useful to reverse dysplasia? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| 1) Not necessarily because after removing the insult the dramatic changes can induce cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) An increase in functional components and cell size which allows cells to achieve equilibrium between demand and functional capacity until a specific limit is reached. |
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Term
| What occurs during physiologic hypertrophy? What is an example? |
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Definition
1) Increased actin, myosin filaments, enzymes, ATP
2) Increasing muscle mass during exercise. |
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Term
| What is a pathologic hypertrophy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of pathologic hypertrophy? |
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Definition
1) Compensatory
2) Adaptive |
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Term
| What is an example of compensatory pathologic hypertrophy? |
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Definition
| 1) A liver or kidney resection |
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Term
| What is an example of adaptive pathologic hypertrophy? |
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Definition
| 1) Hypertension, which is an increase in ventricular muscle mass while pumping against increased arterial pressure; leads to heart failure. |
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Term
| What is prostatic pathologic hypertrophy? |
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Definition
| 1) Long-term obstruction of the urinary bladder. |
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Term
| What is hyperplasia? What are a few examples? |
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Definition
1) A temporary increase in cell number in an organ or tissue capable of mitotic division
2) The epidermis, intestine, or glands. |
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Term
| True or False: Hyperplasia occur in terminally differentiated tissues? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 examples of terminally differentiated tissues? |
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Definition
1) Neural
2) Skeletal
3) Cardiac |
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Term
| What is physiological hyperplasia? |
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Definition
| 1) Natural hormonal cell increase, such as during the estrogen stimulation of the breasts or uterine during pregnancy. |
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Term
| What is non-physiological hyperplasia? |
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Definition
| 1) Abnormal hormonal stimulation, such as excess estrogen production resulting in an endometrial hyperplasia. |
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Term
| True or False: Hypertrophy and hyperplasia can co-exist. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lutenizing hormone (LH) is responsible for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is responsible for assisting what hormone? |
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Definition
| 1) Lutenizing hormone (LH) |
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Term
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG) performs what functions? |
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Definition
1) Supports cycle length
2) Increases levels of estrogen
3) Increases level of progesterone |
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Term
| What is progesterone vital for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of estrogen? |
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Definition
1) Regulate secretion of progesterone
2) Enhance bone density in fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Conversion of one adult cell to another of the same type in response to chronic irritation and inflammation. |
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Term
| What are the causes of metaplasia? |
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Definition
1) Chronic irritation
2) Inflammation |
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Term
| True or False: Metaplasia cannot predispose to cancerous transformation. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of metaplasia occurs in a smoker and in what location? |
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Definition
| 1) In a smoker's trachea, ciliated columnal epithelium are replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. This results in a protective barrier being lost. |
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Term
| What is the most common cancer of the respiratory tract and what is it caused by? |
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Definition
1) Transition to metaplastic squamous carcinoma
2) Vitamin A deficiency |
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Term
| Cancers seem to develop progressively through what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Cell injury are degenerative changes which lead to both reversible and irreversible damage at both the chemical and microscopic levels |
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Term
| What are the 3 scenarios that can occur to a cell that has experienced cell injury? |
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Definition
1) Can recover without lasting damage
2) Can experience transient or permanent change which affects physiology
3) Can experience irreversible damage leading to necrosis and tissue dissolution. |
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Term
| What are the 3 main mechanisms of cell injury? |
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Definition
1) UV photons
2) Free radicals
3) Hypoxia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What mutation is caused by UV photons and is found in the DNA of keratoses and basal cell carcinomas of the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) A highly reactive chemical species (atoms, molecules, ions) with one or more unpaired electrons in the outer orbit which establish chain reactions and more free radicals. |
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Term
| What are 2 detrimental effects that occur because of free radicals? |
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Definition
The cellular constituents of organelles (such as the mitochondria, ER, or lysosomes) are altered due to:
1) Damaged membranes
2) Cross-linked proteins |
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Term
| Where do the most endogenous forms of free radicals originate from? |
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Definition
| 1) Generated from oxygen in hyperoxide enviornments |
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Term
| Where do the most exogenous forms of free radicals come from? |
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Definition
1) Tobacco smoke
2) Organic solvents
3) Pesticides
4) Radiation
5) CCl3 |
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Term
| True or False: Free radicals reduce anti-oxidants. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 factors that can reduce free radical scavengers? |
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Definition
1) Interruption of blood flow
2) Low oxygenation |
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Term
| Which vitamins are free radical scavengers? |
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Definition
1) Vitamin A
2) Vitamin E
3) Vitamin C |
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Term
| Which vitamin is vital during myocardial reperfusion after ischemia and why? |
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Definition
1) Vitamin E
2) Leads to release of:
A) Oxidants
B) Intracellular enzymes
C) Influx of Ca2+
D) Reduced contractility
E) Necrosis |
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Term
| What are the detrimental effects of hypoxia? |
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Definition
1) Cessation of oxidative processes
2) Cessation of ATP production
3) Continuation of anaerobic oxidation
4) Increase of lactic acid
5) Decrease of cell pH
6) Clumping of chromatin
7) Cell swelling |
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Term
| True or False: Hypoxia is irreversible |
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Definition
| 1) False: Hypoxia can be reversible depending on time of oxygen depletion. |
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Term
| Continued loss of essential enzymes or leakage of lysosomal enzymes leads to what? |
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Definition
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