Term
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Definition
| A basis of knowledge in which we rely on what someone in a position of authority says. |
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Term
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Definition
| A basis of knowledge in which we accept something as being true because of a long-running custom or belief. |
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Term
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Definition
| A basis of knowledge in which we rely on commonly accepted, ordinary reasoning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A basis of knowledge in which we rely on the media’s construction of the truth, which often relies on claims made by politicians and government officials. |
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Term
| PERSONAL EXPERIENCE KNOWLEDGE |
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Definition
| A basis of knowledge in which we rely on our own lived experiences. |
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Term
Errors of personal experience
OVERGENERALIZATION |
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Definition
| Statements that go far beyond what can be justified based on the data or empirical observations that one has. |
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Term
Errors of personal experience
SELECTIVE OBSERVATION |
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Definition
| Making observations in a way that simply reinforces preexisting thinking, rather than attempting to observe in a balanced and critical manner. |
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Term
Errors of personal experience
PREMATURE CLOSURE |
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Definition
| Making a judgment or reaching a decision and ending in an investigation, before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards. |
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Term
Errors of personal experience
HALO EFFECT |
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Definition
| Allowing the prior reputation of persons, places, or things to color one’s evaluations, rather than attempting to evaluate in a neutral, equal manner. |
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Term
| Thomas Kuhn's Progression of knowledge theory |
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Definition
| The idea that scientific knowledge does not progress in a simple linear and cumulative fashion; rather, knowledge progresses in the context of a community, meaning that professional, personal, and cultural interests play important roles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The empirical evidence or information that one gathers carefully according to rules or procedures. Data can be quantitative (i.e., expressed as numbers) or qualitative (i.e., expressed as words, pictures, or objects). |
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Term
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Definition
| Observations that people experience through the senses—touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste. |
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Term
Norms of the scientific community
UNIVERSALISM |
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Definition
| The scientific norm that says research should be judged only on the basis of scientific merit. |
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Term
Norms of the scientific community
DISINTERESTEDNESS |
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Definition
| The scientific norm that mandates researchers should strive to be impartial and open to unexpected finding and new ideas. |
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Term
Norms of the scientific community
COMMUNALISM |
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Definition
| The scientific norm says that producing knowledge is a public act and the finding should be available for all to use. In order for it to be accepted into the community, it must be rigorously reviewed. |
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Term
Norms of the scientific community
RESEARCH HONESTY |
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Definition
| The scientific norm that demands utmost honesty in all aspects of the research process; dishonesty, fraud, or cheating is a major taboo. |
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Term
| Seven steps in scientific research |
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Definition
1. Select a topic
2. Focused research question
3. Design the study
4. Collect data using the research method selected
5. Statistical analysis
6. Interpret the data
7. Inform other: write a report or article |
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Term
| QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STEPS |
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Definition
| Those basic research steps used in concluding qualitative research. |
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Term
| CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH: |
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Definition
| Any study that examines information on many cases at one point in time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any research that examines information from many units or cases across more than one point in time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Longitudinal research in which information can be about different cases or people in each of several time periods |
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Term
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Definition
| Longitudinal research in which information is about the identical cases or people in each of several time periods |
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Term
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Definition
| Longitudinal research in which information about a category of cases or people that shared a common experience at one time period is traced across subsequent time periods |
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Term
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Definition
| A guarantee that researchers and/or teachers are free to examine all topics and discuss all ideas without any restrictions, threats, or interference from people or authorities outside the community of teachers, scholars, and scientists. |
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