Term
| Functions of skeletal system |
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Definition
Provides a framework
Maintains shape of body
Supports tissues
Permits movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals |
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Term
| How does the skeletal system permit movement? |
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Definition
| Provides points for muscle attachment |
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Term
| What is in the axial skeleton? |
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Definition
Skull
Vertebral column
Thorax |
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Term
| How many bones are in the axial skeleton? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is in teh appendicular skeleton? |
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Definition
Upper and lower extremeties
Shoulder and pelvic girdle |
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Term
| How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many bones are in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does compact or cortical bone form? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What % of skeleton is compact or cortical bone? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some structures in compact or cortical bone? |
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Definition
Haversian canal
Lamellae
Lucuae
Osteocyte
Canaliculi |
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Term
| What forms the inner or center of the bone? |
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Definition
| Spongy or cancellous bone |
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Term
| What does spongy or cancellous bone lack? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a structure of spongy or cancellous bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a membrane that covers bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are long bones names based on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are long bones located? |
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Definition
| Upper and lower extremities |
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Term
| What are the the structures of a long bone? |
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Definition
Shaft
2 epiphyses
Epiphyseal plate |
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Term
| What is the epiphyseal plate like in children? |
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Definition
| Cartilaginous growth plate separates epiphysis and metaphysis |
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Term
| What is the epiphyseal plate like after puberty? |
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Definition
Epiphyseal plate calcifies
Epiphysis and metaphysis merge |
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Term
| What is the major bone-forming cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do osteoblasts produce? |
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Definition
| Type 1 collagen and bone matrix proteins |
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Term
| What do osteoblasts respond to? |
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
| What are mature bone cells? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Maintain the bone matrix
Release calcium into blood |
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Term
| What are large multinucleated cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Resorb bone
Remove mineral and organic matrix |
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Term
| What do osteoclasts contain? |
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Definition
| Lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes |
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Term
| What does the bone matrix consist of |
|
Definition
Organic and inorganic substances
Collagen fibers
Calcium and phosphate minerals
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins |
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Term
| What is the % of organic substances in bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the % of inorganic substances in bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are examples of proteoglycans? |
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Definition
| Polysaccharides and protein |
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Term
| What do proteoglycans do? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate-protein complexes |
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Term
| What do glycoproteins control? |
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Process involving the breakdown and renewal of bone (repair or replacement) |
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Term
| What does bone remodeling repair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does bone remodeling maintain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of bone remodeling? |
|
Definition
Activation of remodeling cycle
Reabsorption
Formation of new bone |
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Term
| What units are involved in bone remodeling? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What happens in bone remodeling? |
|
Definition
-Osteoblasts move to site of injury and replace osteoclasts
-Osteoblasts form new bone |
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Term
| What are the stages of bone healing in larger non microscopic bone injuries? |
|
Definition
-Hematoma formation
-Procallus formation
-Callus formation
-Callus replacement with lamellar or trabecular bone
-Periosteum and endosteum remodeling |
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Term
| What is a site where 2 or more bones or cartilages meet? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are synovial joints? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do synovial joints have? |
|
Definition
Fibrous joint capsule
Articular capsule |
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Term
| What are 2 types of synovial joints? |
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Definition
Hing joints
Ball and socket |
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Term
| What are joints coverd with? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does articular cartilage serve as? |
|
Definition
| Pad to allow surfaces to slide freely with movement |
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Term
| What lines the inner surface of joint capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lubricates joint surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains the synovial fluid? |
|
Definition
| Joint cavity or synovial cavity |
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|
Term
| What are examples of hinge joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of ball and socket joints? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In what position would you put a person who had orthopedic surgery (e.g. hip replacement)? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of pillow would you use to get someone with hip replacement surgery in abduction position? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If someone is nose facing the ground what position are they in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when you have someone push down their foot like they are pushing on the gas pedal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when you have someone raise their toes up towards them? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when you have someone look down to the floor? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is it called when you have someone look up to the sky? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when you have someone bring their arm towards their body? |
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Definition
| Adduction (think add to the body) |
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Term
| How many individual muscle fibers do we have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do skeletal muscles do to facilitate movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are muscles fibers made of? |
|
Definition
75% water
20% protein
5% organic and inorganic compounds |
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|
Term
| How many named muscles do we have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shortest length of muscle in the body? |
|
Definition
| 2 cm (strapedius in the ear) |
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|
Term
| What is the longest length of muscle in the body? |
|
Definition
| 60 cm (sartorius "tailors muscle" down the thigh) |
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Term
| What is a voluntary movement? |
|
Definition
| Directly controlled by central nervous system |
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Term
| What does a striated muscle look like? |
|
Definition
| Striated or striped pattern |
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|
Term
| What are striated muscles fibers organized into? |
|
Definition
| Contractile units called sarcomeres |
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Term
| What does a motor unit consist of? |
|
Definition
Anterior horn cell
Its axon
Muscle fiber |
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Term
| When does a motor unit contract? |
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Definition
| As a unit when receives electrical impulse |
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|
Term
| What is the innervation ratio of a motor unit? |
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Definition
| Number of motor units per muscle |
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Term
| What does a greater innervation ratio mean? |
|
Definition
| Provides greater muscle endurance, thus prevent fatigue |
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Term
| What does a lower innervation ratio allow for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are sensory receptors located? |
|
Definition
| In muscles (along with motor units) |
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Term
| What do sensory receptors do? |
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Definition
| Send signals to central nervous system |
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Term
| What do spindles serve as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are spindles located? |
|
Definition
| Lie parallel to muscle fibers |
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|
Term
| What do spindles respond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are golgi tendon organs? |
|
Definition
| Dendrites that terminate and branch to tendons near the neuromuscular junction |
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|
Term
| What do golgi tendon organs report? |
|
Definition
| Changes in muscle length, tension, velocity and tone |
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|
Term
| What do muscle fibers contain bundles of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are red muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do red muscle fibers do? |
|
Definition
| Aerobic,oxidative metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What are white muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
Type II fibers
Fast fibers |
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|
Term
| What do white muscle fibers contain? |
|
Definition
| Anaerobic glycolytic pathways |
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|
Term
| What are muscle membranes called? |
|
Definition
| Sarcolemma and basement membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the sarcotubular system contain? |
|
Definition
Transverse tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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|
Term
| What is contained in a sarcomere? |
|
Definition
Actin
Myosin
Troponin-tropomyosin complex |
|
|
Term
| what are the contractile proteins in muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
Actin
Myosin
Tropomyosin complex |
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|
Term
| What are the non-contractile proteins in muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
Creatine and creatine kinase
Phosphate
Chloride
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium |
|
|
Term
| What does skeletal muscle require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of metabolism do muscle fibers use? |
|
Definition
| Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism |
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|
Term
| What are the steps of muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
Excitation
Coupling
Contraction
Relaxation |
|
|
Term
| What happens in coupling? |
|
Definition
Release of Ca
Attaches to troponin and tropomysin |
|
|
Term
| What happens in contraction? |
|
Definition
myosin binds to actin
Cross-bridge theory |
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|
Term
| What is an isotonic muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| Muscle maintains constant tension as it moves |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of isotonic contractions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are isometric contractions? |
|
Definition
| Muscle maintains constant length with increased tension |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an isometric contraction? |
|
Definition
| Push against immovable object |
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