the thickness and consistency of the sole protects the coffin bone from injury and fracture due to hard objects the horse may encounter when traveling over uneven surfaces.

the frog's consistency and shape functions as an anti-concussion and traction device. At varying times during the year (usually twice a year) the frog sheds. When this happens the horse's feet are usually tender for a short time.

the sensitive laminae gives rise the the white line. The white lines is actually yellowish in color. It is normally about 1/8 inch wide. It separates the wall from the sole and can be seen when looking at the bottom of the hoof.

are located in the sides of the hoof wall. The quarters are the narrowest area of the hoof wall. The hoof wall is widest at the toe and tapers down as it approaches the quarters.

extend down from the heels and are important in preventing contracted heels. Contracted heels occur when the heels get closer together.

are formed at the end of the hoof wall and below the bulbs of the hoof.

the bulbs of the heel are elastic, tacky, and greasy to the touch. They are located in the back o the hoof where the wall, heels, and coronary band come together.

is the triangle shaped area in the center of the frog.

is the valley between the frog and the bars of the hoof. This area needs to be cleaned regularly to prevent the possibility of thrush developing.