Term
| What are the 4 primary goals of the Circulatory System? |
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Definition
| 1. Deliver Oxygen to tissue 2. Remove waste from tissue 3. Transport nutrients 4. Temperature regulation |
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Term
| What are the 2 primary goals of the Respiratory system? |
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Definition
| 1. Add oxygen to the blood 2. Remove Carbon Dioxide from blood |
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Term
| Why is the Circulatory system refereed to as a 'closed loop'? |
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Definition
| arteries and veins allow blood to travel through the body in a 'loop' of continuous circulation. |
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Term
| In which way does blood flow for arteries? What color are they. |
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Definition
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Term
| In which way does blood flow for veins? What color are they. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two exceptions to identifying veins and arteries by color? |
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Definition
| Pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery |
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Term
| What separates the left and right side of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Intraventricular Septum? |
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Definition
| separates the unoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the blood that has been oxygenated by the lungs. |
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Term
| How does the heart prevent back flow? |
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Definition
| one way valves that pushes the blood through by force of contraction |
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Term
| What is the function of the SA node? |
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Definition
| 'pacemaker' of the heart located in the ceiling of the right atrium |
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Term
| What is the location and function of the AV node? |
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Definition
| located in the floor of the right atrium and receives waves of depolarization and sends it to the ventricles. |
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Term
| List the 4 valves of the heart that prevent back flow? |
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Definition
| 1. Tricuspid valve 2. Pulmanary Semilunar valve 3. Bicuspid valve 4. Aortic Semilunar valve |
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Term
| Where is the tricuspid valve located? |
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Definition
| between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
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Term
| Trace the path of blood flow through the circulatory system. |
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Definition
| deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the right atrium (tricuspid valve) to the right ventricle 9pulmanary senilunar valve) through the pulmanary aretery to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated then leaves the lungs through the pulmanary vein and goes to the left atrium (bicuspid valve) to the left ventricle (aortic semilunar valve) aorta - major arteries of upper and lower body - arteries - arterioles - tiny capillaries - veinoles - deoxygenated blood travels back to the right atrium through veins |
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Term
| What are the 3 differences between heart and skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| 1. Heart muscle fibers are interconnected through intercalculated discs (electrical impulses) 2. Heart muscle is homogeneous 3. Heart muscle contracts as a single unit |
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Term
| What are the 3 similarities in heart and skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| 1. Both contain actin and myosin 2. Both require calcium to activate myofilament 3. Both contract via the sliding filament theory |
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Term
| What type of blood pressure is exerted as blood is ejected from the heart through ventricular contraction? |
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Definition
| Systolic blood pressure (contraction phase) |
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Term
| What type of blood pressure occurs during ventricular relaxation? |
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Definition
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (relaxation phase) |
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Term
| What is the equation for arterial blood pressure? |
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Definition
| ABP= Q (cardiac output) * TPR (resistance to blood flow) |
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Term
| Define arterial blood pressure. |
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Definition
| the pressure exerted by the blood through the arteries and arterioles |
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Term
| What are the 2 components of arterial pressure? |
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Definition
| Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure |
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Term
| What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give 4 ways an increase in Arterial Pressure can be achieved. |
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Definition
| 1.increase in blood volume 2. increase in vasoconstriction 3.increase in heart rate 4.increase in stroke volume |
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Term
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Definition
| Mean Arterial Blood Pressure is the average pressure during a cardiac cycle |
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Term
| What is the equation for MABP? |
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Definition
| MABP= DBP + (.33 * Pulse Pressure) |
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Term
| How do you calculate pulse pressure? |
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Definition
| PP = Systolic Blood pressure - Diastolic Blood pressure |
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Term
| What does MABP determine in the circulatory system? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the heart, what causes a specialized region to be able to spontaneously depolarize? |
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Definition
| The constant leakage of sodium |
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Term
| What is the name of the specialized group of cells that spontaneously depolarize in the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the process of electrical activity of the heart. |
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Definition
| 1. the constant leakage of sodium ions allow the heart to spontaneously depolarize 2. The wave of depolarization reaches the AV node 3. the AV node sends the wave of depolarization down a conductive pathway to the right and left bundle braches and the purkinji fibers 3. BB and PF spread the wave of contraction through the ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute. (HR * SV) |
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Term
| What are the changes in cardiac output with exercise? |
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Definition
| The increase in cardiac output during exercise are through HR and SV. |
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Term
| Why do trained individuals have higher cardiac output? |
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Definition
| they have the ability to put out more blood because their hearts are more elastic and increase in size due to training |
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Term
| Why do me have higher cardiac output than women? |
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Definition
| anatomically man have larger hearts that allows them to have higher stroke volume. |
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Term
| What causes a change in aVo2 difference? |
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Definition
| the increased demand for oxygen |
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Term
| What are the 3 components involved in modifying stroke volume? |
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Definition
| 1. End diastolic volume 2. mean arterial pressure 3. strength of ventricular contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| End Diastolic Volume. refers to a 'preload and is the end of the relaxation/ diastolic phase |
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Term
| What 2 factors influences EDV? |
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Definition
| 1. Frank Starlings Law 2. Venous Return |
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Term
| How is stroke volume affected by Frank Starlings Law? |
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Definition
| an increase in EDV lengthens the cardic fibers resulting in increased force of contraction. |
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Term
| Define Frank Starlings Law. |
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Definition
| The strength of ventricular contraction increases with enlargement of EDV. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between venous return and EDV? |
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Definition
| The increase in EDV results in a rise in EDV. |
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Term
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Definition
| constriction of veins that results in the movement of blood back to the heart |
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Term
| How does venoconstriction influence stroke volume? |
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Definition
| increase in stroke volume due to the increase in venous return. |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle compresses veins through rhythmic skeletal muscle action and prevents back flow as you move. |
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Term
| How does the muscle pump influence stroke volume? |
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Definition
| with movement the muscle pump increases stroke volume. |
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Term
| Explain Respiratory Pump. |
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Definition
| A pressure gradient is created from abdomen to thorax which allows blood flow from abdomen to heart. |
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Term
| How does the respiratory pump influence stroke volume? |
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Definition
| increased breathing rate results in an increase in stroke volume. |
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Term
| How is blood flow achieved? |
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Definition
| left ventricle pressure must be greater than aortic pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A barrier to the ejection of blood flow. |
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Term
| How is stroke volume related to MABP/ afterload? |
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Definition
| Inversely related. Increase in aortic pressure causes a decrease in stroke volume. |
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Term
| How is strength of ventricular increased? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine. direct SNS stimulation of heart by cardiac accelerator nerve. An increase in EDV allows stronger impulses |
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Term
| How does the body increase the flow of blood to the muscle during exercise when the demand for oxygen is greatly increased? |
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Definition
| Through an increase in cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between intensity of exercise and the degree of blood flow distribution? |
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Definition
| an increased demand of oxygen during exercise causes a decrease of blood flow to less active organs. |
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Term
| How would you characterize local blood flow at rest? |
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Definition
| at rest the blood flow to muscle is relatively low also, arterioles have high vascular resistance. |
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Term
| What happens at the start of exercise that 'primes' the muscle to receive blood? |
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Definition
| vasodialation due to the withdraw of SNS outflow to arterioles in muscle serves to 'prime' the muscle by bringing oxygen to muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| as exercise continues, vasodialation is maintained and increased by intrinsic metabolic control. |
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Term
| What is the emotional influence of heart rate and and blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Increased in 'psyced up' environments than in neutral environments. |
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Term
| Define Incremental Exercise. |
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Definition
| Heart rate and blood pressure increase in direct proportion to oxygen uptake. |
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Term
| How is incremental exercise achieved? |
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Definition
| blood flow to working muscle increases, this ensures supply of oxygen as the need for ATP increases. |
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Term
| Explain Arm vs. Leg Exercise. |
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Definition
| Heart rate and blood pressure is higher in arm exercise than leg exercise. |
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Term
| Define Central Command Theory. |
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Definition
| Motor signals in the brain that set a pattern of cardiovascular response. |
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Term
| How is the increase in cardiac output to working muscle achieved? |
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Definition
| 1.decrease in vascular resistance 2. increase in MABP causes heart rate and systolic BP to increase due to the increased workload on the heart |
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Term
| How is work load estimated? |
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Definition
| Double Product of Heart rate (how fast) times Systolic BP (how strong) |
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