Shared Flashcard Set

Details

The Heart
Exercise Phisiology
63
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
11/10/2009

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the 4 primary goals of the Circulatory System?
Definition
1. Deliver Oxygen to tissue 2. Remove waste from tissue 3. Transport nutrients 4. Temperature regulation
Term
What are the 2 primary goals of the Respiratory system?
Definition
1. Add oxygen to the blood 2. Remove Carbon Dioxide from blood
Term
Why is the Circulatory system refereed to as a 'closed loop'?
Definition
arteries and veins allow blood to travel through the body in a 'loop' of continuous circulation.
Term
In which way does blood flow for arteries? What color are they.
Definition
Away from heart. Red
Term
In which way does blood flow for veins? What color are they.
Definition
Towards the heart. Blue
Term
What are the two exceptions to identifying veins and arteries by color?
Definition
Pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery
Term
What separates the left and right side of the heart?
Definition
Intraventricular Septum
Term
What is the function of the Intraventricular Septum?
Definition
separates the unoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the blood that has been oxygenated by the lungs.
Term
How does the heart prevent back flow?
Definition
one way valves that pushes the blood through by force of contraction
Term
What is the function of the SA node?
Definition
'pacemaker' of the heart located in the ceiling of the right atrium
Term
What is the location and function of the AV node?
Definition
located in the floor of the right atrium and receives waves of depolarization and sends it to the ventricles.
Term
List the 4 valves of the heart that prevent back flow?
Definition
1. Tricuspid valve 2. Pulmanary Semilunar valve 3. Bicuspid valve 4. Aortic Semilunar valve
Term
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
Definition
between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Term
Trace the path of blood flow through the circulatory system.
Definition
deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the right atrium (tricuspid valve) to the right ventricle 9pulmanary senilunar valve) through the pulmanary aretery to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated then leaves the lungs through the pulmanary vein and goes to the left atrium (bicuspid valve) to the left ventricle (aortic semilunar valve) aorta - major arteries of upper and lower body - arteries - arterioles - tiny capillaries - veinoles - deoxygenated blood travels back to the right atrium through veins
Term
What are the 3 differences between heart and skeletal muscle?
Definition
1. Heart muscle fibers are interconnected through intercalculated discs (electrical impulses) 2. Heart muscle is homogeneous 3. Heart muscle contracts as a single unit
Term
What are the 3 similarities in heart and skeletal muscle?
Definition
1. Both contain actin and myosin 2. Both require calcium to activate myofilament 3. Both contract via the sliding filament theory
Term
What type of blood pressure is exerted as blood is ejected from the heart through ventricular contraction?
Definition
Systolic blood pressure (contraction phase)
Term
What type of blood pressure occurs during ventricular relaxation?
Definition
Diastolic Blood Pressure (relaxation phase)
Term
What is the equation for arterial blood pressure?
Definition
ABP= Q (cardiac output) * TPR (resistance to blood flow)
Term
Define arterial blood pressure.
Definition
the pressure exerted by the blood through the arteries and arterioles
Term
What are the 2 components of arterial pressure?
Definition
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure
Term
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure?
Definition
Pulse pressure
Term
Give 4 ways an increase in Arterial Pressure can be achieved.
Definition
1.increase in blood volume 2. increase in vasoconstriction 3.increase in heart rate 4.increase in stroke volume
Term
Define MABP.
Definition
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure is the average pressure during a cardiac cycle
Term
What is the equation for MABP?
Definition
MABP= DBP + (.33 * Pulse Pressure)
Term
How do you calculate pulse pressure?
Definition
PP = Systolic Blood pressure - Diastolic Blood pressure
Term
What does MABP determine in the circulatory system?
Definition
rate of blood flow
Term
In the heart, what causes a specialized region to be able to spontaneously depolarize?
Definition
The constant leakage of sodium
Term
What is the name of the specialized group of cells that spontaneously depolarize in the heart?
Definition
Pacemaker cells
Term
Explain the process of electrical activity of the heart.
Definition
1. the constant leakage of sodium ions allow the heart to spontaneously depolarize 2. The wave of depolarization reaches the AV node 3. the AV node sends the wave of depolarization down a conductive pathway to the right and left bundle braches and the purkinji fibers 3. BB and PF spread the wave of contraction through the ventricles.
Term
Define cardiac output.
Definition
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute. (HR * SV)
Term
What are the changes in cardiac output with exercise?
Definition
The increase in cardiac output during exercise are through HR and SV.
Term
Why do trained individuals have higher cardiac output?
Definition
they have the ability to put out more blood because their hearts are more elastic and increase in size due to training
Term
Why do me have higher cardiac output than women?
Definition
anatomically man have larger hearts that allows them to have higher stroke volume.
Term
What causes a change in aVo2 difference?
Definition
the increased demand for oxygen
Term
What are the 3 components involved in modifying stroke volume?
Definition
1. End diastolic volume 2. mean arterial pressure 3. strength of ventricular contraction
Term
Define EDV.
Definition
End Diastolic Volume. refers to a 'preload and is the end of the relaxation/ diastolic phase
Term
What 2 factors influences EDV?
Definition
1. Frank Starlings Law 2. Venous Return
Term
How is stroke volume affected by Frank Starlings Law?
Definition
an increase in EDV lengthens the cardic fibers resulting in increased force of contraction.
Term
Define Frank Starlings Law.
Definition
The strength of ventricular contraction increases with enlargement of EDV.
Term
What is the relationship between venous return and EDV?
Definition
The increase in EDV results in a rise in EDV.
Term
Define Venoconstriction.
Definition
constriction of veins that results in the movement of blood back to the heart
Term
How does venoconstriction influence stroke volume?
Definition
increase in stroke volume due to the increase in venous return.
Term
Explain Muscle Pump.
Definition
the muscle compresses veins through rhythmic skeletal muscle action and prevents back flow as you move.
Term
How does the muscle pump influence stroke volume?
Definition
with movement the muscle pump increases stroke volume.
Term
Explain Respiratory Pump.
Definition
A pressure gradient is created from abdomen to thorax which allows blood flow from abdomen to heart.
Term
How does the respiratory pump influence stroke volume?
Definition
increased breathing rate results in an increase in stroke volume.
Term
How is blood flow achieved?
Definition
left ventricle pressure must be greater than aortic pressure.
Term
Define Afterload.
Definition
A barrier to the ejection of blood flow.
Term
How is stroke volume related to MABP/ afterload?
Definition
Inversely related. Increase in aortic pressure causes a decrease in stroke volume.
Term
How is strength of ventricular increased?
Definition
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine. direct SNS stimulation of heart by cardiac accelerator nerve. An increase in EDV allows stronger impulses
Term
How does the body increase the flow of blood to the muscle during exercise when the demand for oxygen is greatly increased?
Definition
Through an increase in cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow.
Term
What is the relationship between intensity of exercise and the degree of blood flow distribution?
Definition
an increased demand of oxygen during exercise causes a decrease of blood flow to less active organs.
Term
How would you characterize local blood flow at rest?
Definition
at rest the blood flow to muscle is relatively low also, arterioles have high vascular resistance.
Term
What happens at the start of exercise that 'primes' the muscle to receive blood?
Definition
vasodialation due to the withdraw of SNS outflow to arterioles in muscle serves to 'prime' the muscle by bringing oxygen to muscle.
Term
Define Autoregulation.
Definition
as exercise continues, vasodialation is maintained and increased by intrinsic metabolic control.
Term
What is the emotional influence of heart rate and and blood pressure?
Definition
Increased in 'psyced up' environments than in neutral environments.
Term
Define Incremental Exercise.
Definition
Heart rate and blood pressure increase in direct proportion to oxygen uptake.
Term
How is incremental exercise achieved?
Definition
blood flow to working muscle increases, this ensures supply of oxygen as the need for ATP increases.
Term
Explain Arm vs. Leg Exercise.
Definition
Heart rate and blood pressure is higher in arm exercise than leg exercise.
Term
Define Central Command Theory.
Definition
Motor signals in the brain that set a pattern of cardiovascular response.
Term
How is the increase in cardiac output to working muscle achieved?
Definition
1.decrease in vascular resistance 2. increase in MABP causes heart rate and systolic BP to increase due to the increased workload on the heart
Term
How is work load estimated?
Definition
Double Product of Heart rate (how fast) times Systolic BP (how strong)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!