Term
| Why is 1879 marked as the year that psychology was “born”? Who is credited with that “birth”? |
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Definition
-Created a experimental asperities; from when they heard a sound to when they hit a button. By Wilhelm Wundt |
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Term
| What were the major contributions of William James to psychology? What was functionalism? |
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Definition
Came up with Functionalism, focused on our mental and behavioral processes Function how we enable us to adapt and grow.
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Term
| What were the basic beliefs of John Watson and other behaviorists |
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Definition
- Psychology was the study of observable behavior. Albert. |
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Term
| Briefly describe each of these subfields of psychology: Biological, Developmental, Cognitive, Counseling, Industrial-Organizational, Forensic |
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Definition
-biological
-Developmental
-Cognitive- how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
-Counseling
-Industrial- Organizational – Apply psychology to work place
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Term
| What are case studies and questionnaire/survey studies? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? |
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Definition
Observation technique where one person is studied
-you don’t know how others would be affected
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Term
| . What is the function of each of the following parts of a neuron? dendrites, axon, myelin, axon terminal |
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Definition
-Dendrites – receives messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
-Axon- messages pass to other neurons or muscles or glands
- Myelin – enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses hows from one node to the next
- Axon Terminal- |
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Term
| Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe the basic functions of each. |
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Definition
Frontal Lobe: Reasoning planning, intulectual functions
Opcipital Lobe: Vision
Temporal Lobe: Auditory hearing Language
Parietal- Sensory imput for touch and body position |
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Term
| What are the main functions of the following brain structures? hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus, amygdala |
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Definition
Hippocampus- Linked to memory
Cerebellum- Corrdinatesvoluntary movements and balance and suppose memories of such thalamus- relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex
Amygdala- Linked to emotion |
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Term
| What is lateralization of function, and what are the specific functions of the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere that were mentioned in class and in the text? |
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Definition
Left: Language – Math –Logic
Right- Special ablitys – Face recognition – Visual imagry –Music |
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Term
| What are the functions of the lens and the iris? What is accommodation |
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Definition
Lens-transparent stricter behind pupil that chanes shape to help focus images on the retina
Iris- ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion around eye and pupil and controls the size of pupil opening.
Acommodation: Process when the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
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Term
| What are the main differences between rods and cones? Where are they found? (Be more specific than “the eye”!) |
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Definition
-rods- receptors that detect black, white, gray; nessasary for peripreral and twilight vision
-between cones
Cones: function in day light or in well lit conditions
-near center of retina |
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Term
| What are the binocular and monocular cues to depth that we discussed in class, and what’s the difference between the two types? Be able to recognize examples of each cue. |
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Definition
Blind sight: Blind but intuitive response to stimuli without awareness of vison
Visual Agenesis- can see
- Impaired ability to interpret visual information
Visual neglect- ignore half of visual field
Usually damage to right parietal love |
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Term
What are the differences between classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning? Give an example of each, and be prepared to identify examples of each on the exam.
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Definition
-Classical conditioning- type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli
-Operant conditioning – type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by a punisher
-Obervational Learning: Learning by observing others |
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Term
Which type of learning (classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational learning) is each of the following people associated with?: Pavlov, Bandura, Skinner, Watson
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Definition
Pavlov- Classical Conditional
Bandura- observational Learning
Watson- Classical Conditioning
Skinner-
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Term
| In classical conditioning, what are the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response? Be able to identify each, given examples of classical conditioning. |
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Definition
Unconditioned response :unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus such as salvation when food is in the month.
Unconditioned stimulus- stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Conditioned response- the learned response to a previously neutral Stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus- originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
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Term
What is the Law of Effect, as used in operant conditioning? What is shaping?
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Definition
-Thorndikes Principles that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
- Shaping- operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
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Term
| What are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment? Be able to identify examples of each |
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Definition
Positive reinforcements: increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli such as food. A positive reinforce is any stimulus that when represented after a response, strengthens the resonces
- Negative reinforcers: increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative Stimuli Such as shock . A negative reinforcement is anything that when removed after a response strengthens the response.
- Positive punishment: Administer a advisive Stimulus
- Negative punishment: Withdra a desirable stimulus- Time out |
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Term
| . What are mirror neurons |
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Definition
| frontal love neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains Mirroring of anothers action may enable imitation and empathy. |
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Term
What are the capacity and duration of sensory memory (both iconic and echoic), short-term (or working) memory, and long-term memory? (#18)
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Definition
- Sensory memory
Iconic- everything insite= 1/3rd to ½ seconds
Echoic- quite large = 4 seconds
Shorterm- 5 -9 items = 20 seconds
Longterm- unlimited= infinite |
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Term
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory, and between episodic and semantic memory? (#19)
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Definition
Implicit- nondeclaritive: procedural- how to- intact in many antergrade amensisies
Explicit- declative- can talk about
Episodic – episodes tied to own life
Semantic- knowledge based- not tied to time. |
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Term
. What is the fundamental attribution error? Be able to recognize examples. (#28)
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Definition
| the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior. To underestimated the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. |
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Term
| What are the id, ego, and superego, according to Freud? (Know the terms “pleasure principle” and “reality principle”.) |
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Definition
Id- strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operated on pleasure principle
Ego- mediates among th demands of the id, superego, and reality
Superego- internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations. |
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Term
What are Freud’s “Psychosexual Stages of Development”, and what is the focus of each stage? What occurs in the “Oedipus Complex”?
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Definition
Oral- mouth- sucking biting, chewing
Anal- Bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Phallic- genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Latency- Dormant sexual feelings
Genital- Maturation of sexual interests. |
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Term
| List the “Big Five Factors of Personality”, and know what high and low scores on each factor indicate. |
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Definition
Conscientiousness- organized--- Disorganized
Agreeableness- soft hearted-----Ruthless
Neuroticism- calm-----anxious
Openness- imaginative----practical
Extraversion- sociable-----retiring |
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Term
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Definition
Panic Disorder- unpredictable minutes long episodes of intense dread, experiences terror chest pain, choking, other freighting sensations
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Term
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Definition
| Phobias- persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of specific object or situation |
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Term
| Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
| Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder- repetitive thoughts and or actions (compulsions |
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Term
Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder. |
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Definition
Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder- haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumping anxiety, insomnia. |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
Major Depressive Disorder- a person experiences in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness and diminished intrest or pleasure in most activities. |
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Term
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Definition
Bipolar Disorder- person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder. |
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Definition
-lack of conscience for wrong doing
-even towards friends and family
Aggressive
Ruthless
Clever con artist |
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Term
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Definition
Disorganized and delusional thinking
Disturbed perceptions
Inappropriate emotions and actions
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Term
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Definition
James-Lange
-feeling scared because you tremble
-support: panic disorders; pencil experiments |
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Term
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Definition
Cannon-Bard
- A event caused both physiological reaction and subjective emotion |
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Term
Schachter-Singer Two- Factor
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Definition
Schachter-Singer Two- Factor
- We must label a philological response before experiences the emotion
- Ex. Love v flu
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Term
How do lie detectors typically work? (Or, how are they supposed to work?) Are they accurate? What is a guilty knowledge test?
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Definition
Breathing
Heart rate
Perspiration
Not always correct
Guilty Knowledge- Measure bodily response to info only a guilty person would know |
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Term
What is catharsis? Does it work?
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Definition
Emotional release, it does not work and leads to more anger
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Term
Is the emotion of fear a result of nature, nurture, or both? Describe evidence.
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Definition
Nature: Predisposed to evolutionarily helpful fears, Response of amygdale is genetic
Nurture: Personal experience, Observation
BOTH |
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