Term
| Name all ten endocrine glands? |
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Definition
| Pineal,Hypothalmus, Pituitary, Thryoid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Ovaries and Testes |
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Term
| What is an endocrine gland? |
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Definition
| An organ that contains cells that secrete hormones into the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical messenger that is secreted into the blood to act on specific targets |
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Term
| What is a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
| A chemical messenger released at the synapse to convey neural messages |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical messenger that is secreted by neurons into the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical messenger that is secreted into the environment to alter the environment around it |
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Term
| What are the five properties of hormones? |
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Definition
| High affinity, synergistic, permissive, antagonistic and competitive |
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Term
| What is a high affinity hormone? |
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Definition
| A hormone that is effective at low concentrations |
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Term
| What s a synergist hormone? |
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Definition
| A hormone that can combine with another two increase the effect |
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Term
| What is a permissive hormone? |
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Definition
| A hormone that relies on other hormones to cause an effect |
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Term
| What is an antagonistic hormone? |
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Definition
| A hormone that has an opposite to another hormone? |
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Term
| What is a competitive hormone? |
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Definition
| Two similar hormones that compete for the same receptor |
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Term
| What are the three types of hormone? |
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Definition
| Steroid, Peptide and Amino Acid |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Name an amino acid hormone? |
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Definition
| Throid hormone (Tyrosine) |
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Term
| What molecule are steroid hormones synthesised from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of effect do steroid hormones have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of receptor does a steroid hormone act on? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Outline the mechanism of a general steroid hormone? |
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Definition
1)Steroid binds to inhibitor protein on target protein
2)Binding site exposed and protein now active |
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Term
| When are steroid hormones released? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When are peptide hormones released? |
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Definition
| They are stored and then released when needed |
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Term
| When are amino acid hormones released? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which type of hormone creates an effect through secondary messengers? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What four ways are hormones released? |
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Definition
| Continously, pulsatile, circadian or exocytosis |
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Term
| How are hormones activated? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the four ways that hormones are controlled? |
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Definition
| Modification, degradation, termination and negative feedback |
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Term
| What is the Hypothalmic-pituitary axis? |
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Definition
| The hypothalamus and pituitary gland, controls both nervous and endocrine system |
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Term
| What is the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| Region in the brain that controls homeostasis |
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|
Term
| What are the two sections of the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| Posterior and anterior pituitary |
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Term
| What does the posterior pituitary gland control? |
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Definition
| Consists of axons and nerve endings and controls the nervous system |
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Term
| What does the anterior pituitary gland control? |
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Definition
| Consists of endocrine tissue and controls the endocrine system |
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Term
| What is the alternative name for the posterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the alternative name for the anterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do the magnocellular neurones do? |
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Definition
| Transmit signals from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland |
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Term
| What two blood vessels are associated with the posterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| The efferent vein and the inferior hypophyseal artery |
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Term
| Where do the magnocellular neurones begin? |
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Definition
| At the Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism that allows the hypothalamus to stimulate the blood stream |
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Definition
1)Paraventricular/supraoptic nuclei release action potential
2)Action potential travels down the magnocellular neurones
3)Action potential stimulates the release of substances into the efferent vein/inferior hypophyseal artery |
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Term
| What cells nerves of the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| The parvocellular nueornes |
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Term
| Which blood vessels do the Parvocellular neurones stimulate? |
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Definition
| The efferent vein and the superior hypophyseal artery |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates prolactin release and TSH |
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Term
| What does GnRH stand for? |
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Definition
| Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulate the release of FSH and LH |
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Term
|
Definition
| Follicle stimulating hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Corticotrophin-releasing hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates ACTH and prolactin release |
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|
Term
| What does GHRH stand for? |
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Definition
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Dopamine release? |
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Definition
| Inhibits prolactin release |
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|
Term
| What does oxytocin cause? |
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Definition
| Uterine and breast contractions |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Allow for the reabsorbition of water |
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Term
| Name all the 8 hypothalmic hormones |
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Definition
| TRH, GnRH, CRH, GNRH, Dopamine, Somatostain, Oxytocin and ADH |
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Term
| Name all the 6 anterior pituitary hormones? |
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Definition
| TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, Prolactin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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|
Term
| What does ATCH stand for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates throid hormone release |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulate sex steroid production |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulate sex steroid production |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates cortisol release |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates milk production |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism involved in stress? |
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Definition
1)Brain stimulates hypothalamus
2)Hypothalmus releases CRH
3)CRH stimulates anterior pituitary gland
4)Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH
5)ACTH affects endocrine tissue
6)Endocrine tissue releases cortisol |
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|
Term
| What does somatostatin do? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Outline the mechanism involved in acute GH? |
|
Definition
1)GH released
2)Fatty acids converted to Acetyl-CoA
3)Increased glucose metabolism
4)Increased gluconeogenesis
5)Increased production of insulin |
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Term
| Ouline the mechanism involved in long-term GH? |
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Definition
1)Growth promotes bones
2)Promotes amino acid uptake |
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Term
| That two glands are present in the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the histology of the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
| Colloids surrounded by follicular cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| A space that is used to store thyroid hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein synthesised by the folicular cells and released into the colloid |
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Term
| When thyroglobulin reaches the colloid border what occurs? |
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Definition
| Tyrosin residues are iodinated |
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|
Term
| What enzyme iodinates the tyrosine residues in thryoglobulin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two precursers for thyroid hormone? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the number in T1,2,3 and 4 stand for? |
|
Definition
| The number of iodinated tyrosines |
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|
Term
| Outline the mechanism involved in creating thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
1)Na+/I- symporter activley transports iodine into the folliclar cell from the blood
2)DNA synthesises thyroglobulin
3)Thyroglobulin is iodinated by throperoxidase to form T1 or T2
4)T1 and T2 couple to form either T3 or T4 |
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|
Term
| Outline the mechanism involved in releasing thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
1)T3 and T4 are transported into the folicular cell
2)T3 and T4 diffuse into the blood and bind to thyroid binding protein to travel |
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|
Term
| Which thyroid hormone is more prominent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which thyroid hormone is more active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of thyroid binding protein? |
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Definition
| Thyroxine binding globulin, Thyroxine-binding prealbumin and Albumin |
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|
Term
| Which thyroid binding protein is 70% effective? |
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Definition
| Thyroxine-binding globulin |
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Term
| Which thyroid binding protein is 10% effective and has a greater affinity for T4? |
|
Definition
| Thyroxine-binding prealbumin |
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|
Term
| Which thyroid binding protein is 15% effective? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone stimulates the release of TSH? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone stimulates the release of TH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six effects of TSH on the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
| Increase uptake of iodine, thyroglobulin synthesis, iodination, pinocytosis of colloid, lysosome activity and size |
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|
Term
| What does 1 5'-deiodinase require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does 2 5'-deiodinase require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does 3 5'-deiodinase do? |
|
Definition
| Inactivate T4 by converting T3 into rT3 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Bind to RNA polymerase to transcribe specific genes to produce specific proteins |
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|
Term
| What are the 8 effects of thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| Heat production, Increases cardiac, oxygenated blood levels, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis and promotes normal growth, development of nervous system and carbohydrate metabolism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does hypothyroidism affect newborns? |
|
Definition
| Decreased mental capacity, short stature, puffy faces and hands |
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|
Term
| How does hypothyroidism affect children? |
|
Definition
| Decreased mental capacity and growth |
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|
Term
| How does hypothyroidism affect adults? |
|
Definition
| Fatigue, weight gain, cold, mental dullness, puffy hands and face and drooping eyelids |
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|
Term
| How does hyperthyrodism affect a patient? |
|
Definition
| Accelerated metabolic rate, weight loss, large apetite, sweating, warm skin, tremors |
|
|
Term
| What causes Graves disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three symptoms of Graves disease? |
|
Definition
| Upper eye lid retraction, bulging eyes and goitre |
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|
Term
| Where are the adrenal glands located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the adrenal capsule? |
|
Definition
| The membrane of the adrenal glands |
|
|
Term
| what are the two main parts of the adrenal gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the three zonas in the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
| Glomerulosa, Fasciculata and Reticularis |
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|
Term
| What percentage of the adrenal gland is cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which zona is in the middle of the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which zona is on the outside of the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which zona is on the inside of the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the zona glomerulosa produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage is the the zona glomerulosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the zona fasiculata produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the zona reticularis produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage is the the zona fasiculata? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage is the the zona reticularis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the zona glomerulosa only produce aldosterone? |
|
Definition
| It lacks the enzyme 17 alpha-hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
| What does aldosterone do? |
|
Definition
| Maintain Na+ concentrations in the kidney |
|
|
Term
| How does aldosterone enter the cell? |
|
Definition
| It binds to Na+ then activates the Na+/K+/ATPase pump which then makes Na+ and aldosterone enter |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the adrenal gland is medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the zone fasiculata and reticularis prevented from producing aldosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 6 things does cortisol do? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate liver to take up glucose and make glycogen, inhibit muscle metabolism, stimulates lipolysis and muscle catabolism, inhibits bone development and the release of other steroids |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone has it's main affinity for what receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol has it's main affinity for what receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Addison's disease? |
|
Definition
| An autoimmune response that makes adrenocortocids insuffecient and so cortisol and mineral corticoids are unresponsive |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptons of Addison's disease? |
|
Definition
Cortisol -> Weakness, fatigue, anorexia and hypoglycemia
Mineralcorticoid -> Excessive renal loss, dehydration, hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and acidosis |
|
|
Term
| What is Cushing's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Malfunction in the pituitary gland that produces excess glucocrticoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Weight gain, moon face, hypertension, psychological harm, osteoporosis, muscle weakness and thirst |
|
|
Term
| What are the male gonads? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the female gonads? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sex hormone production organs |
|
|
Term
| What are the two functions of the gonads? |
|
Definition
| Produce gametes and sex hormone |
|
|
Term
| Andorgens are produced by which sex/es? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oestrogens are produced by which sex/es? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sex hormone is the base for the other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the secretion of relxin from the ovary do? |
|
Definition
| Loosens ligaments in the pubic region and softens the cervix |
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