Term
| What are the two divisions of the digestive tract? |
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Definition
| The gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal) and the accessory structures |
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Term
| Name the parts of the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal) |
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Definition
| oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines |
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Term
| What are the two types of digestion? |
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Definition
| Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion |
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Term
| What is the process of ingestion? |
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Definition
| simply taking in food via the mouth |
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Term
| what are the processes of mechanical digestion? |
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Definition
| chewing, mixing of food with saliva, churning of food in the stomach and segmentation |
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Term
| What is the process of propulsion in digestion? |
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Definition
| movement of food through the alimentary canal by swallowing and peristalsis |
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Term
| What is the process of chemical digestion? |
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Definition
| it’s a series of catabolic steps in which complex foods are converted into chemical building blocks by enzymes secreted by various glands |
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Term
| Define absorption in digestion |
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Definition
| the passage of digested end products and other important nutrients from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph |
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Term
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Definition
| elimination of indigestable substances from the body via the anus |
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Term
| What are the general layers of the GI tract? |
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Definition
| Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa |
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Term
| Where is the submucosa layer located in the GI tract? What types of tissues are found here? |
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Definition
| the innermost layer of the GI tract composed of Epithelium, Lamina propria and Muscularis mucosae |
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Term
| Where can stratified squamous epithelium be located in the GI tract? |
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Definition
| pharynx, esophagus and anal canals for protection from abrasion |
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Term
| What are the functions of the Mucosa? |
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Definition
| secretion of mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones. Absorption of end-products. Protection against infection (Peyers patches vs. MALT) |
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Term
| What is Muscularis Externa comprised of? |
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Definition
| two layers of smooth muscle- inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer -- some skeletal muscle is also present, but less common than smooth |
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Term
| Where is the serosa layer of the GI tract found? What is it made of? |
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Definition
| The outer layer made of aerolar connective tissue and a mesothelium made of simple squamous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the most extensive membrae of the abdominopelvic |
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Term
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Definition
| covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The space between the visceral and parietal periotneum is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the extensions of the serosa layer |
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Definition
| mesenteries, mesovolon, greater and lesser omentum and falciform ligaments of the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior opening into the oral cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as labia that are important in chewing and speech |
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Term
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Definition
| area of the lips possessing no sweat or sebaceous glands |
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Term
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Definition
| area bounded by the lips and cheeks externally and internally by the gums and teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| forms the roof of the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| palatine processes of the maxilla and the palatine bones |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal muscle and uvula- finger like extension from the fauces- closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| striated skeletal muscle that manipulates food, helps form words and serves as a sensory organ |
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Term
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Definition
| important for producing rough surface to the tongue aiding in licking |
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Term
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Definition
| muschoom-shaped and possess tate buds on the tops |
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Term
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Definition
| disc shaped and possess tast buds on their sides |
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Term
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Definition
| produce and secrete saliva |
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Term
| What are the functions of salivary glands? |
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Definition
| 1. Cleanses the mouth by defensins, lysozymes and IgA antibodies 2. dissolves food chemicals for tasting 3. Moisten food by mucin 4. Begins digestion of carbs by salivary amylase |
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Term
| What are the three types of glands found in the mouth |
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Definition
| Parotid glands, submandibular glands and sublingual glands |
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Term
| Parotid glands- what types of cells? What do they secrete? |
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Definition
| contain only serous cells - secrete salivary amylase |
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Term
| Submandibular glands- what types of cells? What do they secrete? |
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Definition
| equal numbers of serous cells and mucous cells - secrete salivary amylast and mucin |
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Term
| Sublingual glands- what types of cells? What do they secrete? |
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Definition
| contains mostly mucous cells (produce a stringy viscous solution or mucus) - secretes only mucin |
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Term
| What are teeths function? |
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Definition
| breaks food into smaller pieces increasing the surface area for digestion |
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Term
| What types of teeth are there? |
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Definition
| Primary dentition (milk teeth) and permanent teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| are for cutting and nipping - 8 pair, 4 teeth on top and 4 on bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| for tearing and piercing - 4 total, 2 on top, 2 on bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| for grinding and crushing - 8 total, 4 on top and 4 on bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| for grinding- 12 total, 6 on top and 6 on bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| ligaments holding teeth to gums |
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Term
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Definition
| exposed part of the tooth covered by enamel over bonelike dentin and pulp consisting of soft tissues (connective tissue, blood vessels and nerve fibers) |
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Term
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Definition
| below the gums (gingiva) is covered by a calcified connective tissue called the cementum and anchored by the periodontal ligament |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hollow muscular tube that functions to carry food to the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus |
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Term
| How does bolus move through the esophagus? |
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Definition
| Upper third composed of skeletal muscle for swalling, lower third made of smooth muscle and undergoes peristalsis |
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Term
| what is the esophagus lined by? |
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Definition
| startified squamous until it connects to the stomach where you find simple columnar epithelium |
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Term
| What doe esophageal glands excrete? |
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Definition
| produce mucus to lubricate the bolus as it moves to the stomach |
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Term
| What tdoes the esophageal sphincter prevent? |
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Definition
| backflow of food into the oral cavity |
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Term
| What does the Cardiac (gastroesophageal) sphincter prevent? |
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Definition
| backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| circular muscles, close off and push food into the next space |
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Term
| What is the stomachs function? |
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Definition
| serves as a reservoir for bolus and to mix food with gastric jice to produce chyme |
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Term
| Name the 4 regions of the stomach |
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Definition
| Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus |
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Term
| Describe how the stomach is connected |
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Definition
| greater and lesser curvatures are connected to the greaer and lesser omentum respectively |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates flow of chyme into the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| longitudinal folds obvious when the stomach is empty |
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Term
| What unique muscle is found in the stomach |
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Definition
| oblique smooth muscle layer which allows a churning action within the cavity to mix the food with gastric juices |
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Term
| What type of cells are found in the stomach? |
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Definition
| Simple columnar which possesses gastric pits which lead to gastric glands that produce gastric juices-- Goblet cells produce alkaline mucus to coat the stomach |
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Term
| What is the function of mucous neck cells? |
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Definition
| their function is not understood |
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Term
| Parietal cells secrete? What is its function? |
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Definition
| secretes hydrochloric acid that converts pepsinogen into pepsin and instrinsic factor that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produce pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin by the hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells. Pepsin then begins digestion of proteins to smaller peptides. |
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Term
| What do enteroendocrine cells do? |
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Definition
| release hormones such as Histamine, Gastrin, Endorphins, Serotonin, Somatostatin |
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Term
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Definition
| activates parietal cells to release HC1 (hydrochloric acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates gastric emptying and relaxes ileocecal valve-starts process of digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| natural opiates- related to satiety sensors |
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Term
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Definition
| causes contraction of stomach muscles- vascular spasms of oblique muscles of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits gastric secretions of all products and inhibits gastric motility and emptying; inhibits GI blood flow and intestinal absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| initiates secretion of increase of acid/enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that breaks down protein in an inactive form convereted into active pepsin by hydrochloric acid |
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Term
| Is bile considered an enzyme? |
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Definition
| No- it is only an emulsifier |
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Term
| What are the 3 phases of Gastric secretion? |
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Definition
| Cephalic (reflexive) phase, Gastric phase, Intestinal phase |
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Term
| Cephalic (reflexive) phase |
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Definition
| occurs before food enters the stomach (triggered by aroma, taste, sight or thought of food) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs once food has entered the stomach (triggered by stomach distension and presence of food chemicals) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs as food enters the intestine (triggered by low pH and presence of partially disgested foods in the duodenum |
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Term
| What is gastric emptying? |
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Definition
| chyme moving from the stomach to duodenum |
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Term
| How long is the small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the small intestine distinguished? |
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Definition
| receives chyme from the stomach and extends from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| swollen parotid glands as a result of a virus (myxovirus) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when a tooth remains embedded in the jawbone |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of the cardiace sphincter to reamin closed |
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Term
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Definition
| upper portion of the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| erosion of the stomach wall often associated with a Helicobacter organism, increased stomach acide, decreased stomach lining |
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Term
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Definition
| stomach emptying often triggered by the emetic center of the medulla oblongata |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the liver as a result of a viral infection (A-F) |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic inflammation of the liver due to alcoholism or hepatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| highly concentrated cholesterol derivatives in bile |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of bile pigment (yellow) in the skin as a result of a blockage or liver disease |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the appendix as a result of a blockage trapping infectious bacteria within the lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| inflamed herniations of the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hard and difficult to pass stool |
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Term
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Definition
| the esophageal sphincter does not close completely causing scarring and damage to the cardiac sphincter |
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