Term
| What are the 4 key points of the Animal Circulatory System? |
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Definition
1) Animal circulatory systems share basic elements.
2) Most invertebrates have open circulatory systems.
3) Some invertebrates and all vertebrates have closed circulatory systems.
4) Vertebrate circulatory systems have evolved from single to double blood circuits. |
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Term
| What are the four basic components of the circulatory system? |
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Definition
1) Circulating fluid (Blood or hemolymph.)
2) Pump to provide pressure (Tubular and Chambered hearts).
3) Blood vessels or channels (for transport over distance).
4) Area for exchange of gases (O2 and Co2, Nutrients and waste): Capillaries or Sinuses. |
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Term
| How do simple invertebrates (sponges, cnidarians, flatworms) operate? |
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Definition
| They use cilia and flagella. Pick up O2 and nutrients, release waste and CO2. |
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Term
| Why can substances not by exchanged with the environment by diffusion in larger animals? |
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Definition
| They have more complex systems -- organs are deep in the body. |
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Term
| What and where is an Open Circulatory System? |
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Definition
| It is in most invertebrates and the heart pumps hemolymph into vessels that empty into body spaces (sinuses) before returning to the heart. |
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Term
| What and where are Closed Circulatory Systems? |
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Definition
| They are in some invertebrates and all vertebrates. Blood is confined in blood vessels throughout the body (does not mix with interstitial fluid.) |
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Term
| What are the advantages to the Invertebrate Open Circulatory System? |
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Definition
1) Less resistance
2) Less efficient pump needed.
3） Less energy required. |
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Term
| What are some advantages offered by closed circulatory systems? |
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Definition
1) Blood is maintained at a higher pressure and moves more rapidly through the body.
2) Allows precise control of distribution and rate of blood flow via muscles that contract or relax to adjust the diameter of the vessels. |
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Term
| Summarize the evolution of the vertebrate circulatory system. |
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Definition
| It evolved from a heart with a single series of chambers (single circuit) to a double heart the pumps blood through separate pulmonary and systemic circuits. |
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Term
| Summarize the amphibian circulatory system. |
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Definition
| It is a double blood circuit -- Ｐｕｌｍｏｃｕｔａｎｅｏｕｓ ａｎｄ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｃ． Ｔｈｅ ｈｅａｒｔ ｉｓ ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ ｔｈｒｅｅ ｃｈａｍｂｅｒｓ －ａ ｒｉｇｈｔ ａｔｒｉｕｍ， ａ ｌｅｆｔ ａｔｒｉｕｍ， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ Ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｌｅ．Oxygenated blood from the lungs and skin and deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body are kept partially separate by a smooth pattern of a flow and a flap of tissue in the large artery leaving the heart. |
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Term
| Summarize the circulatory system of turtles, lizards, and snakes |
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Definition
| This is almost identical to the amphibian, except that now a wall of tissue called the septum completely separates the oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood. |
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Term
| Summarize the circulatory system of crocodiles, birds, and mammals. |
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Definition
| Now a complete septum forms two ventricles and creates a four chambered heart which keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood completely separate. |
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Term
| What are the four components of blood? |
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Definition
1) Plasma
2) Erythrocytes
3) Leukocytes
4) Plateles |
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Term
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Definition
| An aqueous solution of proteins, ions, nutrient molecules and gases (91% water) |
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Term
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Definition
| The oxygen carriers of the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's front line of defense against disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| They induce blood clots that seal breaks in the circulatory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fluid connective tissue (usually 4-5 liters in humans) that consists of Blood Cells (Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets) suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma). |
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Term
| Where do human blood cells develop? |
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Definition
| The red bone marrow of vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and pelvis. |
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Term
| Blood cells arise from pluripotent stem cells that also give rise to what two types of cell? |
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Definition
1) Myeloid stem cells
2) Lymphoid stem cells. |
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Term
| What are the three kinds of Plasma proteins? |
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Definition
1) Albumins
2) Globulins
3) Fibrinogen |
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Term
| What are Albumin proteins involved with? |
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Definition
| Osmotic balance, pH, transport hormones, waste, and drugs. |
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Term
| What are globulins involved with? |
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Definition
| Transport lipids (cholesterol), fat soluble vitamins, immunoglobins. |
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Term
| What is Fibrinogen involved with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 plasma ions? |
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Definition
1) Na+
2) K+
3) Ca2+
4) Cl-
5) HCO3- |
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Term
| List 4 important facts about Erythrocytes |
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Definition
1) They contain hemoglobin (transports O2 from lungs to body).
2) Mature erythrocytes have no nucleus or organelles.
3) They are flexible and can squeze through capillaries.
4) Their life span is 4 months. |
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Term
| List 2 important facts about Leukocytes |
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Definition
1) They defend the body against infecting pathogens.
2) They eliminate dead and dying cells, debris. |
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Term
| List two important facts about Platelets. |
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Definition
1) Cell fragments are enclosed in a plasma membrane.
2) They trigger clotting. They stick to collagen that is exposed whenblood vessels are damaged and release factors to bring more platelets to the region to seal off the damaged site. |
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Term
| What are the five types of white blood cells in descending order? |
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Definition
NEVER (neutrophils)
LET (lymphocytes)
MONKEYS (macrophgaes/monocytes)
EAT (Eosinophils)
BANANAS (Basophils) |
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Term
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Definition
| Erythropoietin, a hormone synthesized in the kidneys when O2 drops below normal. It stimulates bone marrow stem cells to produce more erythrocytes. |
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Term
| What kind of valves are between the atria and ventricles? |
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Definition
| The atrioventricular valves. (AV) |
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Term
| What kind of valves are between the atria and ventricles? |
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Definition
| The atrioventricular valves. (AV) |
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Term
| What kind of valves are between the ventricles/aorta and pulmonary arteries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which circuit is associated with the right heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which circuit is associated with the left heart |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some advantages of having separate systems? |
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Definition
1) Pressures can be different in the different systems.
2) Keeps high pressures from our lungs.
3) Allows high pressures in the body for sustained blood flow to maintain activity. |
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Term
| Pulmonary arteries move blood... |
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Definition
| From the heart to the lungs. |
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Term
| Left pulomnary veins move blood |
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Definition
| From the lungs to the heart. |
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Term
| The superior vena cava moves blood |
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Definition
| From the head and upper limbs to the heart. |
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Term
| The inferior vena cava moves blood |
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Definition
| From the trunk and legs to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Blood leaves the heart in.... which branch into smaller... |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ deliver blood to capillary networks. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ exchange substances between blood and interstitial fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Small _____ collect blood from capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| Venules join into larger ____ that return blood to the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The change in pressure from one end of the tube to the other. |
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Term
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Definition
8Ln/pi r.
L= Length of the tube
n = fluid viscosity
r = inside radius of the tube. |
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Term
| What is the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
| The systole-diastole sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ventricle contracting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ventricle relaxing, the chambers filling, and the atria contracting. |
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Term
| Blood moves as a result of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cardiac cycle triggered by? |
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Definition
| Action potentials that spread across the cardiac muscle cell membranes. |
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Term
| What is Systolic pressure? |
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Definition
| The contraction of ventricles pushing blood into arteries at peak pressure. |
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Term
| What is diastolic pressure? |
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Definition
| Between contractions when blood pressure in arteries falls to a minimum pressure. |
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Term
| What are the five steps of the Cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
1) The heart is fully relaxed and the atria begins to fill with blood. AV and SL valves are closed.
2) Blood fills the atria and pushes AV valves open, the ventricles begin to fill.
3) The atria contract, filling the ventricles completely.
4) The ventricles begin to contract, forcing the AV valves closed. The SL valves remain closed.
5) The ventricles contract fully, forcing SL valves open and ejecting blood into arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR). |
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Term
| What are the two things that effect cardiac output? |
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Definition
1) The amount of blood going out per beat.
2) The number of beats per minute. |
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