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| anything that takes up space and has mass |
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| substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
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| substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ration |
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| elements required by an organism in only minute quantities. |
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| smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
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| neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
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| positive subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
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| negative subatomic particle found orbiting the nucleus, easily gained or lost |
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| center of the atom; contains protons and neutrons |
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| number of protons; identifies the element |
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| sum of protons and neutrons in the nuclues of an atom |
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| average mass of all the isotopes of that element |
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| atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei, therefore they have different masses Ex: C-14 vs. C-12 |
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| unstable atom that breaks down giving off particles and/or energy |
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| energy that matter stores because of its position or location (farther away electrons are from the nucleus = greater potential energy) |
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| different regions of potential energy where electrons are located outside the nucleus of an atom |
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| three dimensional space where electrons are found (s, p, d, f ) |
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| electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom (bonding electrons) |
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| attraction between two atoms that holds them together in a molecule |
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| sharing of a pair of valence electrons |
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| two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
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| formula that represents the bonding between atoms in a molecule |
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| formula that indicates only the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule |
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| sharing of two pairs of valence electrons |
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an atom's number of unpaired electrons in the outermost energy level
Ex: H=1 O = 2 N = 3 |
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| attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond (0-4) Flourine has highest. |
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| electrons are shared equally |
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| uneven sharing of electrons that sets up partial positive and negative charges on the atoms involved in the bonding |
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| positively charged atom (lost electrons) |
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| negatively charged atom (gained electrons) |
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| attraction between two oppositely charged ions |
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| bond that forms when hydrogen is bonded to a more electronegative atom and is also atracted to another electronegative atom |
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| van der Waals interactions |
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| weak attractions between molecules |
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| changes in composition caused by the breaking and reforming of chemical bonds |
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| substances on the left side of a chemical reaction; raw materials to start the reaction |
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| substances on the right side of a chemical equation; what is made |
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| point where the forward and reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate |
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