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| a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound. |
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| each of two or more compounds differing only in the spatial arrangement of their atoms. |
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| a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. |
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| any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar. |
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| a simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of manycarbohydrates. |
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| a hexose sugar found esp. in honey and fruit. |
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| a sugar of the hexose class that is a constituent of lactose and many polysaccharides. |
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a compound that is the chief component of cane or beet sugar.
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| a sugar produced by the breakdown of starch, e.g., by enzymes found in malt and saliva. It is a disaccharide consisting of two linked glucose units. |
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| a sugar present in milk. It is a disaccharide containing glucose and galactose units. |
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| an odorless tasteless white substance occurring widely in plant tissue and obtained chiefly from cereals and potatoes. It is a polysaccharide that functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet. |
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| ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information. |
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| a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, esp. that in the structure of the DNA molecule. |
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| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme important in many biological oxidation reactions. |
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| a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (−COOH) and an amino (−NH 2) group. |
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| the characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain, considered as the most basic element of its structure. |
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| the local three-dimensional structure of sheets, helices, or other forms adopted by a polynucleotide orpolypeptide chain, due to electrostatic attraction between neighboring residues. |
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| the overall three-dimensional structure resulting from folding and covalent cross-linking of a protein or polynucleotide molecule. |
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| denoting an ammonium compound containing a cation of the form NR 4+, where R representsorganic groups or atoms other than hydrogen.• (of a carbon atom) bonded to four other carbon atoms. |
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| any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids. |
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| having carbon–carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons. |
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| each of two or more atomic nuclei that have the same atomic number and the same mass number but different energy states. |
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| asymmetric in such a way that the structure and its mirror image are not superimposable. Chiral compounds are typically optically active; large organic molecules often have one or more chiral centerswhere four different groups are attached to a carbon atom. |
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