thin, cigar shaped

(nucleus of smooth muscle)

stains

-most tissues/cells are colorless in life  unless pigmented

hydrophilic (outer surfaces)

hyrdophobic (in between)

selectively permeable (some things pass through)

compartmentalizes (boundary line)

energy conversion (localize)

structural integrity (shape)

carrier molecules (anchors)

pores/channels

contains enyzmes

reptor molecules

adhesion (attactment)

recognition (cell-to-cell interaction)

transmission (singals/impulses)

NOT VISIBLE in LM

separates the cell from outside enviroment

organelles (energy utilization, packaging)

cytosol (cell sap)

inculsions & cellular products (debris)

EUKARYOTIC cells only

contains DNA, specialized RNA

only visible by LM

INTENSE CYTOPLASMIC BASOPHILIA

-free:  protein destines dor use by cell

-attached: affixed to membrane of ER (export)

GRANULAR ER

INTENSE, CYTOPLASMIC BASOPHILIA

"flattened bags"

cisternae

flattened layers

AGRANULAR ER

EOSINOPHILIC (acidophilic) appearance of cytoplasm

no ribosomes

Peroxisomes

(microbodies)

neutral active enyzmes

import O2 sink

metabolsim and detoxification functions

CHROMOPHOBIC (does not stain)

negative image

impregnated with silver for visualization

Functions: modired newly translated protein, condense syntesized products, renews old membranes

SMALL OVAL-SPEROID STUCTURES

BASOPHILIC (acidic compartment)

bigger than peroxisomes

primary lysosome: newly formed, not fused with organelle

secondary lysosome: fused w/ one other organelle

residual body: indigestible material

"recycling center of cell"

cell-eating

(endocytosis)

cell drinking

(endocytosis)

TUBULAR, SPEHEROID, OVAL IN SHAPE

made greated by "folds" cristae in internal membrane

function: common energy carrier for the cell, framework for electron transport processes

structural proteins

"tiny tubes" within cytoplasm

can interact w/ contractile proteins (maintain stable position)

Function: maintenance of cell shape, control intracellular organellar traffic

related to microtubles

each subunit is a fused triplet of microtubules

Function: center of microtuble assembly/movement, important in mitosis, gensis of cilia, mitochrondia, and new centrioles

contribute to cytoskeleton

structural "keratins"

Function: "anchoring" of stuctures to cell surface

contractile proteins

"links" between other molecules

Functions: cell locomation, mucsle cell contraction, cell surface ruffling and invagination

polymer of glucose

source of energy

viaible by SPECIAL STAINS (PAS)

ROUND, UNSTAINED HOLES

not membrane bound

BROWN PIGMENT- melanin

vesicles/packaged products

HIGHLY CONDENSED transciptionally inactive

BASOPHILIC (due to acid DNA)- blue staining

very dark in color

less dense

APPEARS WHITE

transciptionally active

SMALL CIRCULAR, BASOPHILIC

where transcipition, processing and packaging of rRNA takes place

-multiply by simple repicative mitosis

-chromosomes are duplicated, divided, seperate into two daughter cells

T

M

G1

S

G2

T

(Cell Cycle)

first step of the cell cycle

generation times

(length between two successive divisions)

Mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

vegetative

routine functional stage

"arrested" = G_{0 or R phase}

synthetic stage when DNA is synthesized

duplicated

post-duplication stage

RNA occurs here

-visibly segrated into two sister chromatids

-attached to each other at the centromere (kinetochore)

NUCLEOLUS NO LONGER VISIBLE

-Chromosomes align along a plane midway b/t 2 pairs of centrioles

(microtubles attach to kinethochore)

kinetochore splits

migrates to opposite sides

(karyokineses is complete)

chromatin uncoils

nuclear envelope & nuclei reforms

cytokinesis (cytoplasm divides)

"cleavage furrow"

potential for "cross over"= recombination -->

chromosome splits into 2 --> 4 chromatids (4N) -->

metaphase plate seperates at anaphase-->

telophase- kinetochore does not split

-metaphase plate and kinetochore split, chromatids migrate to poles

-haploid gametes

chromosomes appearing as "singlets"

(half of a diploid)

# of paired chromosomes

diplod