Term
| Define : Nonspecific Defense |
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Definition
| They do not distinguish one infectious agent from another |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific defensive protein |
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Term
| What is the immune system? |
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Definition
| Comes to play simultaneosly with the 2nd line of defense, but are specific defense mechanisms |
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Term
| Name the three aspect of the 1st line of defense. |
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Definition
| Skin, mucous membranes, and secretions of skin and mucuous membranes |
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Term
| Name a chemical defense on the surface of the skin |
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Definition
Sebaceous glands and sweat glands give the skin a pH of 3 to 5.
Or microbial colonization. |
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Term
| What does the 2ndary response consist of? |
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Definition
| Phagocytic White Blood Cells, antimicrobial proteins, and the Infammatory response. |
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Term
| What causes the inflammation in the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| Precapillary arteries dilate, postcapillary venules constrict, local blood supply increases, redness and heat occurs, blood engorged capillaries leak fluid into tissues, edema swelling occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical signal released by cells from tissue injury, triggers dilation and pemeability of nearby capilaries |
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Term
| Two leukocytes that produce Histamine: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substance that further promotes to site, produced by leukocytes and damaged tissue cells |
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Term
| What is the main point of inflammation |
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Definition
| Phagocytosis - increased local blood flow and capillary permeability enhance phagocytic cell migration to area |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells and monocytes, attracts phagocytes, 50 different proteins, binds to receptors of leukocytes and cause certain reactions in th inflamatory response |
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Term
| What is the given Example of how chemokines enhance the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| They induce the production of toxic forms of oxygen in Phagocye lysosomes and the release of histamine from basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Dead phagocytic cells, fluid and proteins that leaked from capillaries during inflammatory response, absorbed by body in few days |
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Term
| Name the two systemic responses to severe tissue damage/infection. |
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Definition
1. Injured cells all for reinforcement! Emits chemicals, neutrophils from bone marrow, sometimes 7fold within hrs of initial inflammatory response
2. Fevers - leukocytes release pyrogens, inhibits growth of microorganisms, facilitates phagocytosis, speed up body reactions, speed tissue repair |
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Term
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Definition
| overwhelming inflammatoy response, low blood pressure and fever, deadly |
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Term
| Define : The Complement System |
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Definition
| 20 serum antimicrobial proteins, carry out lysis of microbes. Ex) lysozomes in tears, saliva and mucuous secretions, Essential to all specificities of defenses |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins secreted by cell under attack of virus that diffuse into neighboring cells to produce chem that inhibits viral reproducton. Also nonspecific and activates phagocytes, enhancing ability to ingest and kill microorganisms, clinically produced by recombinant DNA technolog for cancer and viruses |
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Term
| Where do leukocytes develop? |
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Definition
| The Thymus and Bone Marrow |
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Term
| Where on the lymphtic system are foreign molecules trapped? 6 places |
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Definition
| Adenoid, Tonsil, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Peyer's Patch, Appendix |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasitic worms, pollen, transplanted tissue... |
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Term
| antibod generators induce... |
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Definition
| B cells to secrete proteins called antibodies, only slightly different from each other |
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Term
| Define : T Cell receptors |
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Definition
| structurally different than membrane antibodies, but recognize antigens just as specifically,not detached |
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Term
| A single T or B lymphocyte bears about ______ receptors for antigens, all with ______ specificity |
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Definition
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Term
| How are particular structures of a lymphocyte determined? |
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Definition
| Genetic developments early in development, As an unspecialized cell differentiates into a B or T lymphocyte, segments of antibody genes or receptor genes are linked by genetic recombination, generating a single functional gene for each polypeptide of an antibody or receptor protein. |
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Term
| Define : Clonal Selection |
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Definition
| Antigen selects lymphocyte and activates it to form 2 clones: 1. Effector Cells (shortlived) 2. Memory Cells (longlived). Antigen driven cloning. |
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Term
| What is the signifcance of clonal selecton? |
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Definition
| NOTE: Each antigen, by binding to specific receptors, selectively activates a tiny fraction of cells from the body's diverse pool of lymphocytes; this small number of selected cells give rise to clones of thousands cells specific for eliminating that antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Effector B-Cells (secretes antibodies) generated by B and T cells respectively |
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Term
| How to tell where B and T cells developed in lymphaticsystem?? |
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Definition
B Cel: B for Bone Marrow grown
T Cell: T for Thymus |
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Term
| What happens to lymphocytes that bear receptors for molecules inside the body? |
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Definition
| Rendered as nonfunctional or destroyed by apoptosis (programmed cell death) |
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Term
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Definition
Major Histocompatibility Complex are families of genes that encode the collecton of cell surface glycoproteins.
Polymorphic biochemical fingerprint |
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Term
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Definition
| Almost all nucleated cells, presents antigen fragment from infected cell to cytotoxic T-cell |
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Term
| What happens in antigen presentation? |
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Definition
| T cells are then alerted to an infectious agent after it has been internalized by the cell by phagocytosis or receptor mediated response |
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Term
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Definition
| Few types such as B cells, macrophages, activated T-Cells, Macrophhages present using this to Helper T cells |
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Term
| What is a function of polymorphism? |
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Definition
| To survive a mass epidemic: individual collections of MHCs vary from person to person |
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Term
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Definition
| Antigen Presenting Cells. Anything that ingest bacteria, collect peptide remnants and present them to helper T cells |
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Term
| 4 main characteristics of immune system shown by B&T Lymphocytes: |
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Definition
| Specificity, Diversity, Memory, Capacity to distinguish self from non-self |
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Term
| Define : Humoral Response |
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Definition
| involves B cell activation by circulating anitbodies to give rise to memory B or plasma cells to secrete more antibodies, antibodies -> small stuff |
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Term
| Define : Cell-mediated Response |
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Definition
| antigens are displayed by infected cells to activate cytotoxic T cells -> active cytotoxic T cells, binds and lyses the big stuff |
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Term
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Definition
| enhances APC -> helper T cell interaction, keeps them joined |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins or peptides that stimulate other lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| a cytokine that helps B-cells that have contacted antigens to differentiate into antibody secreting Plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytokine that is secreted by a macrophage to activate the Tcell to produce Interleukin-1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Greatly enhances antigenpresentig infected cell --> cytotoxic T cell |
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Term
| Define : Cytotoxic T-cell |
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Definition
| activated by class 1 MHC,stimulated by IL-2 from helper Tcell, differentiates into active killer by releasing perforin, moves on, helps rid of tumors, or else tumors face Natural Killer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that forms pores in target cell membrane |
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Term
| Define : T-depedent antigens |
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Definition
| Antigens that evokes Bcell differentiation only with help of Helper T cells (most protein antigens are this way) |
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Term
| Define : T-independant antigens |
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Definition
| the repeated subunits of these antgens bind to membrane antibodies on Bcell surface, providing stimulus for the B cell to generate without help of IL - 2, important but weaker than dependant, and no memory cells are generated this way |
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Term
| Why do Immunologists believe that macrophages are the main APCs in primary response? |
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Definition
| Macrophages can engulf and present peptide fragments from a wide variety of antigens while a B cell internalizes only the antigen it specifically binds to |
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Term
| What will happen in any given humoral response? |
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Definition
| B-cells are stimulated to clone thousands of plasma cells,which secrete about 2,000 antibodies per second over the cell's 4- day life span |
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