Term
What is the functional division of the nervous system that controls unconscious, vital functions such
as digestion, B/P, heart rate, pupil size, etc.? |
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Definition
| The Autonomic Nervous system |
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Term
| What three effectors are innervated by the ANS? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle & glands |
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Term
| What functional division of the nervous system controls voluntary movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the cell bodies of neurons that are a part of the somatic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many motor neurons extend from the CNS to innervate a skeletal muscle fiber in the SNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many neurons extend from the CNS to innervate a smooth muscle fiber or a gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the two motor neurons that work to innervate an effector in the ANS, what term is used to describe the first? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the two motor neurons that work to innervate an effector in the ANS, what term is used to describe the second? |
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Definition
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Term
| Within what structure do a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron in the ANS synapse? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A cluster of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS |
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Term
| Of the two motor neurons which innervate an effector in the ANS, which actually synapses with the effector? |
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Definition
| the postganglionic neuron |
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Term
| Where is the cell body of the preganglionic neuron in the ANS? |
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Definition
| in the gray matter of the brain or spinal cord |
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Term
| Where is the cell body of a postganglionic neuron within the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
The effect of impulses from motor neurons of the SNS is always excitatory. What are the possible
effects of impulses from motor neurons of the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two divisions of the ANS? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
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Term
| What is a synonym for the sympathetic division of the ANS? |
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Definition
| The thoracolumbar division |
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Term
| At what levels does the sympathetic division of the ANS exit the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ganglia of the sympathetic division of the ANS occur in three different chains or clusters. What are they? |
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Definition
the cervical ganglia in the neck, the paravertebral ganglia on either side of the vertebral column, and
the peripheral or collateral or prevertebral ganglia |
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Term
| What are the three peripheral ganglia? |
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Definition
| celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric |
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Term
The sympathetic division of the ANS innervates the blood vessels and glands in the skin and skeletal
muscles. Within what structures do fibers of the sympathetic division travel to get to the periphery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures make the connection between paravertebral ganglia and spinal nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which communicating ramus does a preganglionic neuron travel through to get to a paravertebral ganglion? |
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Definition
| the white ramus (the lateral one) |
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Term
| Which communicating ramus does a postganglionic neuron travel through to get into a spinal and travel to the periphery? |
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Definition
| the gray ramus (media one) |
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Term
| What are the two parts of the adrenal glands? |
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Definition
| Adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla |
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Term
| What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete? |
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| What is the relationship of the adrenal medulla to the sympathetic division of the ANS? |
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Definition
| the cells of the adrenal medulla are specialized postganlionic cells |
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Term
| What is a synonym for the parasympathetic division of the ANS? |
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Definition
| the craniosacral division |
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Term
| Fibers of the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS exit from what regions of the CNS? |
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Definition
| the brain (midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons) and S2, S3, and S4 of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Where do ganglia of the parasympathetic division of the ANS lie? |
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Definition
| next to or within the organs being innervated |
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Term
| What is a synonym for the ganglia of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS travel in spinal nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
Does the parasympathetic division of the ANS innervate the periphery of the body (smooth muscle
and glands in the skin and skeletal muscles)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What four cranial nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers? |
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Definition
| oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) |
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Term
| Which cranial nerve carries about 80% of the parasympathetic output? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phrase describes the function of the sympathetic division of the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phrase describes the function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?What phrase describes the function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is used by all preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
What neurotransmitter is used by most postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division of the
ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of transmission occurs at all synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons and at the synapses between most postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS and their effectors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is used by most postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers? |
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Definition
| norepinepherine (noradrenaline) |
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Term
| What type of transmission occurs at the synapses between postganglionic sympathetic neurons and their effectors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is used by postganlionic sympathetic fibers innervating sweat glands and blood vessels in skeletal muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epinepherine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are all derived from what amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term collectively describes epinepherine, norepinephrine, and dopamine collectively? |
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Definition
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Term
| The axons of postganglionic neurons have numerous enlargements along their length after entering a target organ. These release neurotransmitters. What are these enlargements? |
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Definition
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Term
Adrenergic stimulation by epinephrine or norepinepherine can have an excitatory or inhibitory effect. The result depends on the receptor. What are the two major classes of adrenergic receptor
proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two major classes of adrenergic receptors. Each of these has two subtypes. What are they? |
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Definition
| alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 |
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Term
| All adrenergic receptors act by way of what type of molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| All beta subtypes of adrenergic receptors stimulate the production of what second messenger? |
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Definition
| cAMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
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Term
| Adrenergic receptors of the alpha1 subtype work through what second messenger? |
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Definition
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Term
| Alpha2-adrenergic receptors located on the presynaptic axon terminal cause what effect? |
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Definition
| a decrease in the release of norepinephrine |
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Term
| Alpha2-adrenergic receptors located on the postsynaptic membrane of vascular smooth muscle cause what effect? |
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Definition
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Term
| The stimulation of alpha1-adrenergic receptors consistently causes what effect on smooth muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| The vasoconstrictor effect of sympathetic nerves always results form the activation of what type of receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect of stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscles in the digestive tract, brochioles, and uterus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect of beta-adrenergic receptors on cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
| An increase in force and rate of contraction |
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Term
| All somatic motor neurons, all preganglionic neurons and most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are what type? |
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Definition
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Term
All somatic motor neurons, all preganglionic neurons and most postganglionic parasymapthetic
neurons use what neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect of ACh released by somatic motor neurons and by preganglionic autonomic neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect of ACh released by postganglionic parasympathetic axons? |
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Definition
| usually excitatory, but may be inhibitory |
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Term
| What is the effect of ACh release by parasympathetic neurons on the heart? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the two types of cholinergic receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug blocks the action of nicotinic ACh receptors? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What drug blocks muscarinic ACh receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does ACh always have on nicotinic receptors? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What effect does ACh have on muscarinic receptors? |
|
Definition
| either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the effect of the G-protein |
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Term
| Not all receptors response to acetylcholine or norepinephrine. What term describes those that do not? |
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Definition
| noncholinergic and nonadrenergic respectively |
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Term
| What gas acts as a neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What effect does nitric oxide have on smooth muscle? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What nucleotide acts as a neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
| ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) |
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Term
| What term describes the innervation of an organ by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
What term describes the effect of dual innervation of the organ by the ANS when the effects of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are opposite one another? |
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Definition
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Term
What term describes the effect of dual innervation of the organ by the ANS when the effects of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions produce similar effects? |
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Definition
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Term
What term describes the effect of dual innervation of the organ by the ANS when the sympathetic
and parasympathetic divisions produce different effects that work together to promote a single action? |
|
Definition
| Cooperative (synergistic) |
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Term
| What is an example of antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS? |
|
Definition
| heart rate (others are pupil size, diameter of airways, and digestion) |
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Term
| What is an example of a complementary effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a cooperative effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS? |
|
Definition
| Erection and ejaculation in the male reproductive system |
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Term
Most organs receive dual innervation. However, the parasympathetic division of the ANS does not
innervate the periphery of the body. What structure of the body are innervated only by the sympathetic division of the ANS? |
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Definition
| the adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscles of the skin, sweat glands of the skin, and most blood vessels |
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Term
| How is regulation generally achieved within structures innervated only by the sympathetic division of the ANS? |
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Definition
| by increasing or decreasing the firing rate of sympathetic fiber |
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Term
Experimental stimulation of what structure can elicit almost all autonomic responses thus showing
that this structure plays the major role in controlling the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure contains centers that control body temperature, hunger,thirst, and the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
What structure is a group of fiber tracts and nucelei that form a ring around the brain stem and is
involved in basic emotional drives and thus influences many visceral reactions such as blushing,
pallor, fainting, breaking out in a cold sweat, a racing heartbeat, and ìbutterflies in the stomachî? |
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Definition
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Term
What structure sends impulses to the medulla oblongata influencing activity of the ANS such as
nausea, sweating, and cardiovascular changes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What structures of the brain have the greatest influence on the ANS? |
|
Definition
| the medulla oblongata, the hypothalamus, the limbic system, and the cerebellum |
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