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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| providing benefit or well being to another; can occur even if actor has NO intention of helping another (may include selfish or egooistic motives) |
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Definition
| helping that is intended to help someone else without expectation of return; must intend to help the other |
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Definition
| related theory, evolutionary psychology; a response to the problem of altruism...perpetuated because of reciprocation...survival of fittest, passing on genes |
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| evaluation of instinct theories |
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Definition
| not useful for social psychologists, because agression is not universal in humans |
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| instinctual behavior in animals |
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Definition
| universality and periodicity |
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| human biological makeup and aggression |
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Definition
| only the capacity for aggression, not an inevitable urge to aggress |
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Term
| social learning theory and aggressive responses |
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Definition
| acquired and maintained, through experiences of reward |
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Term
| 5 processes that explain why exposure to media might increase aggressive behavior |
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Definition
| imitation, cognitive priming (activation), legitimization/justification, desensitization, arousal |
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Term
| correlations between television viewing and violence |
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Definition
| moderate correlation...does not prove causality |
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Definition
| harsh parenting practices at age 10 to 12 were more likely to be involved in violent dating relationships at age 16 |
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Definition
| experience of an emotion that is congruent with or possibly identical to the emotion that another person is experiencing: will usually lead to helping behavior |
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Term
| in emergency situations, steps that a bystander goes through, if one fails, does not offer assistance |
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Definition
1. notice the situation
2. must interpret as an emergency
3. must decide if personal responsibility
4. must believe that they know how to help
5. must decide to act (after a cost evaluation...) |
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Term
| 3 rewards that promote aggression |
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Definition
| direct material benefits, social approval, and attention |
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Term
| Cost calculations to helping involve |
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Definition
| costs to the helper AND needs of the victim, might endure higher costs to themselves if the costs to victim of not receiving help are extremely high |
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Term
| reducing aggressive behavior, methods |
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Definition
| reducing frustration, punishment, catharsis |
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Term
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Definition
| reducing economic deprivation, all having access to life's necessities and conflict resolution techniques |
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Definition
| to reduce aggression...in narrowly defined conditions 1. anticipated punishment must be great and 2. probability that it will occur must be very high |
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Term
| punishment, actual (not anticipated) |
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Definition
| 1 punishment must follow the aggressive act promptly 2. must be seen as the logical outcome of that act 3. must not violate legitimate social norms |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that the reduction of aggressive arousal can be brought about by performing aggressive acts, but must be directed at the source of the frustration, aggression displayed must be viewed as acceptable by others, and can't feel guilty about it afterwards |
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Term
| aggressive acts, research shows... |
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Definition
| will increase future aggression,not reduce it. due to 1. disinhibition 2.initial acts arouse anger 3. give us experience in harming others, becomes a greater and more accessible part of our behavior |
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Term
| social responsibility norm |
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Definition
| we should help dependent others: can be negated by costs of helping |
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Term
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Definition
1. help those that have helped you
2. don't help those who have denied you help for no legitimate reason |
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| negative norm of reciprocity |
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Definition
| "an eye for an eye": more than 60% of American men consider it appropriate to retaliate for an attack to one's family, property or self |
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Term
| negative reciprocity norm characteristic |
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Definition
| retaliation be proportionate, but in anger we tend to overestimate provocation and underestimate our own intensity. ex: 444 assaults against police officers due to mutual misunderstanding |
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Term
| in both helping and aggressive behaviors, the actor considers |
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Definition
| whether the target deserves the help or the punishment...innocent likely to receive more help, those who caused harm, not |
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Term
| agressors will evaluate the ___________ before striking |
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Definition
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Term
| Help is not always easily accepted by targets because: |
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Definition
1. they don't want to bear the obligations the help entails
2. assistance may threaten their self esteem |
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