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TExES Social Studies Study Guide
social studies standards
319
Social Studies
Undergraduate 4
11/09/2013

Additional Social Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
1st Amendment:  
Definition
freedom of speech and press; freedom of association and assembly; the right to demand a change in government policies
Term
2nd Amendment:  
Definition
the right to bear arms
Term
3rd Amendment:  
Definition

forbids the government from quartering soldiers in private homes

 

 

Term

4th Amendment:  

Definition

freedom from search and seizure

 

Term

5th Amendment:  

Definition

protection from arbitrary government actions; protects people from prosecution without first being indicted by a grand jury; protects people from double jeopardy (being tried for the same crime twice); a person cannot be forced to testify against him or herself in a criminal case

 

Term

6th Amendment:  

Definition

the right to a speedy trial; the right to a jury trial

 

Term

7th Amendment:  

Definition

the right to a jury in some types of civil trials (applies to the government)

 

Term

8th Amendment:  

Definition

forbids cruel and unusual punishment; allows for bail if a person is awaiting trial

 

Term

9th Amendment: 

Definition

 rights can be inferred even if there isn’t a specific reference listed in the Constitution

 

Term

10th Amendment: 

Definition

 refers to the division of power between the state and federal government

 

Term

11th Amendment: 

Definition

 deals with each state’s sovereign immunity 

 

Term

12th Amendment: 

Definition

 establishes a procedure for electing the president and vice-president

 

Term

13th Amendment:  

Definition

forbids slavery

 

Term

14th Amendment:  

Definition

declares that all people born in the United States (except for Native Americans) are citizens of the U.S., and are therefore entitled to equal rights (did not include black men nor women)

 

Term

15th Amendment:  

Definition

extends the right to vote to black men

 

Term

16th Amendment:  

Definition

allows Congress to levy an income tax

 

Term

17th Amendment:  

Definition

establishes the direct election of Senators by popular vote (only 2 per state) as opposed to election into office by state legislatures

 

Term

18th Amendment: 

Definition

 created prohibition

 

Term

19th Amendment:  

Definition

extends the right to vote to women

 

 

Term
20th Amendment:
Definition
established the beginning and ending of the terms of those elected to public office
Term

21st Amendment:  

Definition

repealed prohibition

 

Term

22nd Amendment:  

Definition

established a term limit for the President of the U.S.

 

Term

23rd Amendment:  

Definition

permits citizens of the District of Columbia to vote for Electors for President and Vice-President of the U.S.

 

Term

24th Amendment:  

Definition

prohibits Poll Taxes

 

Term

25th Amendment:  

Definition

deals with succession to the presidency for various reasons, including disabilities of the president

 

Term

26th Amendment:  

Definition

prohibits state and national governments from setting the voting age over the age of 18

 

Term

27th Amendment:  

Definition

prohibits any legislation that increases or decreases the salaries of Congressmen/women from taking effect until the next term of offices

 

Term

Abolitionists: 

Definition

 people who wanted to abolish slavery

 

Term

Absolute Location:  

Definition

exact location of something on the earth’s surface determined by latitude and longitude

 

Term

Adams (Samuel):  

Definition

developed the Committees of Correspondence to keep colonists informed about what was happening in other colonies

 

Term

Addams (Jane):  

Definition

founder of Hull House, which provided services for Chicago’s new immigrants; influenced the passage of a federal child labor law in 1916

 

Term

Agrarian Society:  

Definition

Most workers prior to the Industrial Revolution were farm workers and goods were made by hand

 

Term

Almanac: 

 

Definition

 a book, published annually, containing information on many subjects such as population figures or annual rainfall

 

Term

Anthony (Susan B.):  

Definition

leader of the women’s suffrage movement and the temperance movement

 

Term

Armstrong (Neil):  

Definition

the first person to walk on the moon on July, 1969

 

Term

Articles of Confederation: 

Definition

 the first plan for a central government for the United States; lasted from 1781 until 1789; replaced by the U.S. Constitution

 

Term

Artifact:  

Definition

a man made object such as a tool, weapon, or piece of art

x

Term

Atlas:  

Definition

a book of maps

 

 

Term
Attucks (Crispus):
Definition
a runaway slave who led the charge against British troops at the Boston Massacre; was killed during the fight
Term

Austin (Moses):  

Definition

received a land grant from the Spanish governor of Texas to settle 300 families; upon his death, his son, Stephen F. Austin, began the colony

 

Term

Austin (Stephen F.):  

Definition

son of Moses Austin; known as “The Father of Texas” since he began his colony in 1821; those families who settled the area became known as “The Old Three Hundred”

 

Term

Balance of Trade:  

Definition

a nation’s amount of exports compared to the amount of its imports

 

Term

Barton (Clara):  

Definition

served as a nurse to wounded Union soldiers during the Civil War; established the American Red Cross in 1881

 

Term

Battle of San Jacinto:  

Definition

took place April 21, 1836; there, General Santa Anna surrendered to General Sam Houston

 

Term

Battle of the Alamo:  

Definition

took place in March of 1836; General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and his Mexican army defeated Colonel William B. Travis and the defenders of the Alamo; the defeat provided the rallying cry for the Revolution:  “Remember the Alamo!”

 

Term

Bell (Alexander Graham):  

Definition

a scientist, engineer, and inventor of the telephone; started the Bell Telephone Company

 

Term

Bias:  

Definition

a prejudice or predisposition either toward or against something

 

Term

Bill of Rights:  

Definition

the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution

 

Term

Boone (Daniel):  

Definition

explored and settled present day Kentucky during the 1770s

 

Term

Borden (Gail):  

Definition

invented a process to condense milk; founded Borden Dairy Company

 

Term

Boston Massacre:  

Definition

a fight between English soldiers and American colonists that led to two deaths; it was one event that eventually led to the Revolutionary War

 

Term

Boston Tea Party:  

Definition

an incident in which the Sons of Liberty dumped English tea into Boston Harbor in protest of an English law that allowed a British company to sell tea at a low price

 

Term
Executive:  
Definition

carries out the laws

 

Term

Judicial:  

Definition

settles differences about the meaning of the laws

 

Term

Legislative:  

Definition

makes the Laws; consists of two Chambers (House of Representatives and Senate)

               

Term

 House of Representatives: 

Definition

 based on state population; serve 2 year terms

 

                

Term
Senate:  
Definition
each state has 2 senators; serve 6 year terms
Term

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954):        

 

Definition

Supreme Court case that stated that segregation in schools creates inequality; led to desegregation; overturned Plessy v. Ferguson 

 

Term

Buffalo Soldiers:   

Definition

African American United States Cavalry Soldiers who served on the Texas frontier

 

Term

Cabeza de Vaca:  

Definition

a Spaniard who explored what is now Texas and the southwestern United States

 

Term

Cardinal Directions:  

Definition

North, South, East, West

 

Term

Carpetbaggers:  

Definition

term for northerners who had moved to the south

 

Term

Cartier (Jacques):  

Definition

a French explorer in Canada who searched for the fabled Northwest Passage (a fabled water route cutting through North America to Asia)

 

Term

Cartographer:  

Definition

mapmaker

 

Term

Cash Crop:  

Definition

a crop raised to be sold rather than a crop raised to be used by the farmer (such as coffee, tobacco, and cotton)

 

Term

Catt (Carrie Chapman):  

Definition

a suffragist; played a key role in the passage of the 19th Amendment

 

Term

Cattle Drives:  

Definition

used to get cattle (beef) to markets; included the Texas cattle drives – Chisholm Trail, which went from Texas to Abilene, Kansas, and the Goodnight-Loving Trail which went from West Texas to Wyoming

 

Term

Causality:  

Definition

the reason something happens

 

Term

Chavez (Cesar):  

Definition

one of the leaders of Mexican American and migrant farm workers to fight for better wages and working conditions

 

Term

Cinco de Mayo:  

Definition

the holiday commemorating the Mexican victory over the French at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862

 

Term

Cisneros (Henry):  

Definition

the first Hispanic mayor of a large city, San Antonio, Texas; served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President Clinton

 

Term

Civil War:  

Definition

a war in which groups of people from the same place fight each other

 

Term

Civilization:  

Definition

a complex society with a government, religion, writing, and learning

 

Term

Climate:  

Definition

the long-term weather of an area over a period of time

 

Term

Cold War:  

Definition

the time period between 1945 and 1991 when the United States and the Soviet Union prepared for war against one another

 

Term

Colonies:  

Definition

Thirteen consisting of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

 

Term

New England Colonies:  

Definition

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut 

 

Term

Middle Colonies:  

Definition

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

 

 

Term
Southern Colonies:  
Definition
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
Term

Columbus (Christopher):  

Definition

Italian sailing under the sponsorship of Spain; “discoveries” led to an exchange of knowledge of people, plants, animals, and ideas between Europeans and the native people found in the Americas

 

Term

Compass Rose:  

Definition

a design on a map that shows cardinal and intermediate directions

 

Term

Conscription:  

Definition

the draft of men to serve in the military

 

Term

Constitution:  

Definition

approved in 1789; consists of a Preamble, Articles, and Amendments

 

Term

Constitutional Amendments:  

Definition

utilized to change the Constitution; currently, there are currently 27 amendments to the U.S. Constitution; amendments must pass a 2/3 vote in Congress AND ¾ of the states must pass the amendment

 

Term

Continents:  

Definition

Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America

 

Term

Coronado (Francisco):  

Definition

a Spanish explorer who traveled throughout the present day areas of Mexico, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma, and Kansas looking for the fabled seven cities of gold

 

Term

Cortez (Hernando): 

Definition

 a Spanish conqueror of the Aztec Empire in present day Mexico

 

Term

Crockett (Davy):  

Definition

a frontiersman and congressman from Tennessee who moved to Texas in 1836; killed at the Battle of the Alamo

 

Term

Crop Yield:  

Definition

the amount of a crop harvested from a field; factors that influence the yield include soil fertility, seed, weather, pests, and cultivation practices

 

Term

Cultural Borrowing:  

Definition

the process by which cultures use the ideas and solutions of other cultures

 

Term

Cultural Diffusion:  

Definition

the spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior from one culture to another; occurs through the movement of people, goods, or ideas

 

Term

Cultural Geography:  

Definition

focuses on the interaction of people and their environment

 

Term

Culture:  

Definition

the pattern of human behavior that a group shares; includes the customs, beliefs, art, language, religion, and social activities of a people

 

Term

Daguerre (Louis): 

Definition

 the most famous of several people who invented photography; the process was called “Daguerreotype”

 

 

Term
Declaration of Independence:
Definition
declared the independence of the thirteen American colonies from England and gave the reasons the Colonists wanted to have their own country; passed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776
Term

de Champlain (Samuel):

Definition

  a French explorer who established a fort which later became Quebec, an important fur-trading center

 

Term

de Leon (Martin):  

Definition

an empresario who started a colony of about 200 Tejano families near present day Victoria

 

Term

de Soto (Hernando):  

Definition

a Spaniard who claimed a large area of land for Spain; was the first European to see the Mississippi River; explored what is today Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Kansas, and Louisiana

 

Term

de Zavala (Lorenzo):  

Definition

signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence from Mexico; the Vice-President of the interim government of the Republic of Texas

 

Term

Diez y Seis de Septiembre:  

Definition

a celebration of Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1810

 

Term

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857):  

Definition

Supreme Court Case; decision stated that slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could not be citizens of the U.S.; stated that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories

 

Term

Dubois (W.E.B.): 

Definition

 a teacher and writer who helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909

 

Term

Dust Bowl:  

Definition

refers to the drought of the 1930s that made farming impossible in the Great Plains region

 

Term

Earhart (Amelia):  

Definition

the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean; disappeared over the Pacific Ocean during a flight around the world in 1937

 

Term

Economic Systems:  

Definition

      Command Economic System:  

Market Economic System: 

Traditional Economic System:  

Term

    Command Economic System:  

Definition

the government controls economic activity; two major types:

Communism:  

Socialism: 

Term

Communism:  

Definition

all property and means of production are

collectively owned and directed by the state

 

Term

                Socialism:  

Definition

the government owns some factors of production and has a role in determining how goods are produced

 

Term

Market Economic System: 

Definition

 individuals control production of goods and distribution of resources; also known as the Free Enterprise System or Capitalism

 

Term

Traditional Economic System:  

Definition

customs, habits, laws, and religious beliefs control decisions         

 

 

 

Term
Edison (Thomas):
Definition
a scientist and inventor of such items as incandescent light bulbs, phonographs, and the mimeograph machine
Term

Eisenhower (Dwight):  

Definition

34th President of the United States; General in the U.S. Army; served as the supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II

 

Term

Elevation:  

Definition

the distance of the land above sea level

 

Term

Emancipation Proclamation:  

Definition

a Presidential Order freeing the slaves in the Confederate States

 

Term

Embargo:  

Definition

the prohibition on the import or export of a good

 

Term

Emigrate:  

Definition

to move away from an area

 

Term

Empresario:  

Definition

an agent who made arrangements to bring settlers to Texas

 

Term

Equator: 

Definition

 at 0° Latitude

 

Term

Erosion:  

Definition

the wearing away of the earth’s surface by wind, water, or glaciers

 

Term

Esteban:  

Definition

an African man who accompanied Cabeza de Vaca throughout present day Texas and the United States

 

Term

Export:  

Definition

a good that is sent out of a country for sale

 

Term

Federalism:  

Definition

power is shared by state and national governments

 

Term

Ferguson (Miriam): 

Definition

 known as “Ma” Ferguson; the first female governor of Texas

 

Term

Fjord:  

Definition

a long, steep-sided glacial valley

 

Term

Ford (Henry):  

Definition

built the Model T; created the Ford Motor Company; introduced the first assembly line in 1913 to build the Model T

 

Term

Frame of Reference: 

Definition

 any preexisting ideas that shape perception, thought, or opinion; a way of looking at a situation

 

Term

Franklin (Benjamin): 

Definition

 signer of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution; publisher of Poor Richard’s Almanac; inventor

 

Term

Free Enterprise System:  

Definition

privately owned businesses should have the freedom to operate for a profit and with limited intervention by the government

 

Term

Fulton (Robert):  

Definition

the inventor of the first commercially successful steamboat

 

Term

Gazetteer:  

Definition

a geographical dictionary

 

Term

Geography:  

Definition

the study of places

 

 

Term
Glidden (Joseph):
Definition
the inventor of barbed wire; allowed farmers to protect their crops from livestock and gave ranchers a way to prevent their cattle from roaming which led to the end of the cowboy era
Term

Glossary:  

Definition

a list of terms with pronunciations and definitions

 

Term

Good Neighbor Policy:  

Definition

called for less interference by the United States in the affairs of the countries of Latin America and South America; supported by President F.D. Roosevelt

 

 

Term
Goods:
Definition
things made to be sold
Term

Government Systems:  

Definition

created to maintain social order; provide public services; provide national security; provide for an economic system; types include:

Democracy

Monarchy

Oligarchy

 

Totalitarianism

Term

Democracy: 

Definition

 political control is exercised by all people either directly or through elected representatives

 

Term

Monarchy:  

Definition

one single person is the head of the state; some monarchs hold that position but do not really exercise any control over the government

                

Term

Oligarchy:  

Definition

only a few powerful individuals hold all the power

 

 

Term
Totalitarianism:
Definition
one political group maintains complete control under a dictatorship and bans all other political groups
Term

Great Compromise of 1787:  

Definition

an agreement reached between large and small states during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 in which the Senate would consist of 2 members per state and the House would consist of a number of members based upon each state’s population

 

Term

Gross Domestic Product:  

Definition

the total value of a country’s goods and services produced each year; this is an indicator of a country’s economic performance

 

Term

GTT:  

Definition

means “Gone to Texas”; a sign that appeared on the doors of people who left their homes to find a new life in Texas

 

Term

Gutenberg (Johan):  

Definition

invented the printing press which enabled books to be printed in large numbers and at lower costs, enabling new ideas to spread more quickly throughout the world

 

Term

Hale (Nathan):  

Definition

a lieutenant in the Continental Army of the Revolutionary War who gathered intelligence on the British Army; he was captured by the British and executed as a spy

Term
Harlem Renaissance: 
Definition

 a time of great artistic development for African-Americans during the 1920s in New York; included individuals such as Langston Hughes and Louis Armstrong

 

Term

Hemisphere:  

Definition

half the globe; the globe can be divided into northern and southern hemispheres separated by the equator or the eastern and western hemispheres separated by the Prime Meridian; North America is located in the Northern and Western Hemispheres

 

 

Term
Higgins (Patillo):
Definition
developed Spindletop, an oil well near Beaumont which led to the founding of the oil business in Texas
Term

Homestead Act of 1862:  

Definition

declared any citizen could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land outside the original thirteen colonies; encouraged Westward expansion of the United States

 

Term

Homesteaders:  

Definition

people who settled on the Great Plains between 1862 and 1890

 

Term

Houston (Sam):  

Definition

Governor of the state of Tennessee; Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of Texas; the first President of the Republic of Texas; Governor of the state of Texas after Texas joined the United States

 

Term

Hutchinson (Anne):  

Definition

a Puritan woman who disagreed with the leadership of the Massachusetts Colony

 

Term

Immigrate:  

Definition

to move into an area

 

Term

Imperialism:  

Definition

occurs when the interests of a dominant nation overrides the interests of another nation

 

Term

Import:  

Definition

a good that is brought into a country for sale

 

Term

Indentured Servant:  

Definition

a person who agreed to work for another person without pay for a certain length of time (used by many early settlers to “pay” for passage to the New World)

 

Term

Index:  

Definition

an alphabetical list of names and subjects together with the page number where they appear in the text

 

 

Term
Industrial Revolution:
Definition
period in the 1800s during which machines instead of hand tools began to be used to produce goods; resulted in the factory system which enabled more goods to be produced at cheaper costs; resulted in the movement of people from rural agricultural areas to urban industrialized areas
Term

Industry Sectors:  

Definition

types of economies in a country

 

Term

Primary Sector:  

Definition

the economy consists of businesses that extract or harvest products from the earth (farming, mining, and forestry)

 

Term

Quaternary Sector:  

Definition

the economy consists of businesses that deal with information (technology and scientific research)

 

Term

Secondary Sector:  

Definition

the economy consists of businesses that process raw materials and turn them into finished goods (automobiles, textiles, and energy)

 

 

Term
Tertiary Sector:
Definition
the economy consists of businesses that are in the service industry (teaching, law, health care, and banking)
Term

Interdependence: 

Definition

 a condition in which two things or groups rely on one another

 

Term

Intermediate Directions: 

Definition

 Northwest, Northeast, Southwest, Southeast

 

 

Term
Isolationism:
Definition
an attitude of remaining separate from other countries
Term

Isthmus:  

Definition

a narrow piece of land that connects two larger landmasses

 

Term

Jamestown (Virginia):  

Definition

the first permanent English Colony in the Americas; founded in 1607

 

Term

Jefferson (Thomas):  

Definition

main author of the Declaration of Independence; 3rd President of the United States

 

Term

Jones (Anson):  

Definition

the last president of the Republic of Texas before it joined the United States

 

Term

Jordan (Barbara):  

Definition

the first African American woman to serve in the Texas Legislature; also served in the U.S. Congress

 

Term

Juneteenth:  

Definition

the date (June 19, 1865) that Union soldiers landed in Texas to announce that salves were free

 

Term

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854:  

Definition

a law that repealed the Missouri Compromise; it allowed people in Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves if they would allow slavery; law was supported by those who were in favor of slavery

 

Term

King (Henrietta and Richard):  

Definition

couple who established the King Ranch between Corpus Christi and Brownsville 

 

Term

King, Jr. (Martin Luther):  

Definition

one of the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement; assassinated on April 4, 1968; a federal holiday in January celebrates his birthday 

 

Term

Kwanzaa:  

Definition

a holiday celebrated from December 26 to January 1; a celebration of African American culture and community

Term
Labor Day:  
Definition

a day to honor the working people of America; celebrated on the first Monday in September

 

Term

Labor Unions:  

Definition

organizations that work for their members’ interests concerning pay, benefits, and working conditions

 

Term

Lamar (Mirabeau):  

Definition

fought in the Texas Revolution; served as Vice-President and President of the Republic of Texas

 

Term

LaSalle (aka Rene-Robert Cavelier): 

Definition

 a French explorer who sailed the entire length of the Mississippi River claiming it for France and naming it Louisiana; killed by a mutinous crew near present day Navasota, Texas

 

Term

Latitude: 

Definition

 horizontal lines used to measure distance north and south of the equator

 

Term

Laws:  

Definition

regulations or customs which are formally recognized as binding by a controlling authority

 

 

Term
L’Enfant (Pierre Charles):
Definition
French volunteer for the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War who designed the capital city of Washington, DC
Term

Lewis (Meriwether) and Clark (William):  

Definition

explored the Louisiana Territory from 1804 to 1806 which facilitated the mapping of the new territory, as well as knowledge about its natural resources and its inhabitants

 

Term

Lincoln (Abraham):  

Definition

16th President of the United States; signed the Emancipation Proclamation; assassinated on April 15, 1865 (just 6 days after the surrender of the Confederacy ended the Civil War)

 

Term

Lines of Latitude: 

Definition

 horizontal lines used to measure distance north and south the of equator

 

Term

Lines of Longitude:  

Definition

vertical lines used to measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian; extend from pole to pole

 

Term

Limited Resource:  

Definition

when there is a fixed supply of a resource

 

Term

Longitude:  

Definition

vertical lines that extend from pole to pole and are used to measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian

 

Term

Louisiana Purchase:  

Definition

territory that stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from New Orleans to Canada; purchased by the United States from France in 1803 facilitated by Thomas Jefferson

 

Term

Madison (James):  

Definition

main author of the United States Constitution which created a strong Federalist government; 4th President of the United States

 

Term

Magna Charta:  

Definition

established the precedent that the king recognize the rights of his nobles; signed by King John of England in 1215 and kept the power of the English king from becoming absolute

 

Term

Manifest Destiny:  

Definition

the idea that the United States should stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

 

Term

Map Legend:  

Definition

a key with an explanation of the colors and symbols used on a map

 

 

Term
Map Scale:
Definition
compares a unit of length on the map with a unit of distance on the earth
Term

Maps: 

Definition

 drawing or representation of all or part of the earth; includes:

Political map: 

Physical map:  

Elevation map: 

 

Topographic map:  

Term

Political map: 

Definition

 shows features created by humans such as boundaries between countries

 

Term

Physical map:  

Definition

shows the physical features of the earth’s surface such as landforms and bodies of water

 

Term

Elevation map:  

Definition

shows the height of the land

 

 

Term
Topographic map:
Definition
show the shape of the earth’s surface with contour lines
Term

Marbury v. Madison (1803):  

Definition
Supreme Court case that established the concept of judicial review
Term

Marshall Plan:  

Definition

plan of the United States to help rebuild Western Europe following World War II; named for Secretary of State George Marshall

 

Term

Marshall (Thurgood):  

Definition

first African American Supreme Court Justice; represented the Brown family in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka which led to the desegregation of the public school system

 

Term

Mass Production:  

Definition

a way to produce many goods at once to streamline production; an assembly line process

 

Term

Mayflower Compact:  

Definition

an agreement signed by all males onboard the Mayflower; a plan of self-government; the Pilgrims agreed to elect their own leaders and make their own laws

 

Term

McCormick (Cyrus):  

Definition

the inventor of the mechanical reaper which led to higher crop yields

 

Term

Mechanization of Farming Equipment:  

Definition

increased the farmer’s efficiency which led to greater crop yields; led to a loss of agricultural jobs; led to movement from rural areas to urban areas

 

Term

Memorial Day:  

Definition

a day to honor Americans who gave their lives for the country; started in 1866 after the Civil War; celebrated in May

 

Term

Mesa:  

Definition

a flat-topped elevated landform with steep sides

 

Term

Migrate:  

Definition

to move from one place to another

 

Term

Missions:  

Definition

built throughout the area now known as the southwestern United States as part of the Spanish colonial system; taught Native Americans the Catholic religion and the Spanish way of life; goals included:  to instill the Catholic faith, to protect the interest of the Spanish crown, to ensure self-sufficiency of the area

 

Term

Mssouri Compromise of 1820:  

Definition

an attempt to keep the United States together; stated that Missouri would be allowed to join the U.S. as a slave state and Maine would be allowed to join the U.S. as a free state; thereafter states north of an imaginary line of 36° 30’ North would be free states and those south of the line would be slave states

 

Term

Monotheism:  

Definition

the belief in one Supreme Being

 

Term

Nationalism:  

Definition

the sense of belonging to a nation

 

Term

Native American groups in Central and South America:

            

Definition

    Aztec in present day Mexico

Inca in present day Peru and Chile          

 

Mayas in present day southern Mexico and Central America

Term

Native American groups in North America:

Definition

Blackfeet in the northwestern plains of North America 

Cherokee in southeastern North America

Inuit in the far northern area of North America

Iroquois in northeastern North America

Navajo in southwestern North America

Sioux in the north central plains of North America            

Term

Native American groups in Texas:

 

Definition

Atakapans

Caddo

Coahuiltecans

Comanche

Jumano

Karankawas

Lipan Apaches

Pueblos

 

Tonkawas 

Term

Atakapans 

Definition

along the upper Gulf of Mexico coast; hunter-gathers

 

Term

Caddo 

Definition

in the piney woods area now known as East Texas; highly developed; lived in villages; farmers

 

Term

Coahuiltecans 

Definition

in the Gulf Coastal Plain now known as South Texas; hunters and gathers

 

Term

Comanche 

Definition

in the High Plains area now known as the Texas Panhandle; hunters and gatherers; hunted buffalo with horses; fierce hunters and warriors who spread across Texas and pushed out other tribes

 

Term

Jumano 

Definition

in the far western, desert area now known as West Texas; irrigated crops and lived in villages

 

Term

Karankawas

Definition

 in the Gulf Coast area; nomadic; hunted and gathered

 

Term

Lipan Apaches 

Definition

in the Hill Country north to the Red River; farmed and hunted; hunted buffalo with horses

 

Term

Pueblos -

Definition

 built a great civilization in what is now known as the southwestern United States, including present day West Texas; farmers and built adobe homes

 

 

Term
Tonkawas 
Definition
in the area now known as Central Texas; nomadic; hunted small animals and buffalo
Term

Need:  

Definition

something that is necessary for survival such as air, food, or shelter

 

Term

New Deal:  

Definition

federally supported public works programs that help pull the United States out of the Great Depression of the 1930s; supported by President F.D. Roosevelt

 

Term

Newton (Isaac):  

Definition

developed the idea of using scientific methods to answer questions and solve problems

 

Term

Nightingale (Florence):  

Definition

an English nurse who is considered the founder of modern nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods

 

 

Term
Non-Renewable Resources:
Definition
resources that cannot be replaced naturally or by humans
Term

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): 

Definition

 an agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to reduce tariffs and encourage trade between the countries; enacted in 1993

 

Term

Oceans:  

Definition

cover 70% of the earth’s surface and include:  Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic

 

Term

Paine (Thomas):  

Definition

wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense in 1776 to advocate for independence from Great Britain

 

Term

Panama Canal:  

Definition

connected the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean and provided a shortcut between the two oceans

 

Term

Parker (Quannah):  

Definition

the last great chief of the Comanche

 

Term

Parks (Rosa): 

Definition

 her arrest for not giving up a seat to a white passenger in a bus in Montgomery, Alabama led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott

 

Term

Pasteur (Louis):  

Definition

invented a heating process named “pasteurization,” which kills microorganisms in food

 

Term

Peninsula:

Definition

 a body of land surrounded by water on three sides

 

Term

Penn (William):  

Definition

established the English colony of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and others searching for religious freedom

 

Term

Periodicals: 

Definition

 newspapers and magazines

 

Term

Physical Geography:  

Definition

focuses on the physical characteristics of a place

 

Term

Plains:  

Definition

areas of flat or slightly rolling land

 

Term

Plateau:  

Definition

a level, mostly flat, expanse of land that is raised above the adjoining land

 

Term

Plate Tectonics:  

Definition

the theory that the earth’s crust is divided into plates which are continually moving

 

Term

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):  

Definition

Supreme Court case that gave legal justification for the concept of “separate but equal”

 

Term

Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts):  

Definition

established in 1620 by the Separatists/Pilgrims

Polytheism:  the belief in many gods

 

Term

Ponce de León:  

Definition

the first Spaniard to set foot on what is today the United States (Florida)

 

Term

Powell (Colin):  

Definition

General in the U.S. Army; served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; served as the first African American Secretary of State; served under President George W. Bush

 

Term

Presidio: 

Definition

 a Spanish military post, often rectangular in shape with buildings placed inside of the fortified walls; often built to protect mission inhabitants

 

 

Term
Prehistory:  
Definition
the period before writing was developed
Term

Primary Source:  

Definition

records made by people who saw or took part in an event

Prime Meridian:  at 0° longitude

 

 

Term
Proclamation Act:
Definition
issued by King George III forbidding settlers West of the Appalachian Mountains
Term

Propaganda: 

Definition

 any scheme or effort to promote an idea or point of view through the following techniques;

Labeling

Card Stacking

Testimonial

Bandwagon

Glittering Generalities

 

Assertions 

Term

Labeling –

Definition

 name calling

 

Term

                Card Stacking – 

Definition

giving only one side of the facts to support a position

 

Term

                Testimonial – 

Definition

when a celebrity endorses a candidate or product

                

Term

Bandwagon – 

Definition

when “everybody” is using a product

              

Term

  Glittering Generalities – 

Definition

the use of vague, emotionally appealing language

 

                

Term
Assertions –
Definition
positive statements presented as facts even though they may or may not be true
Term

Quartering Act:  

Definition

required Colonists to provide supplies and living quarters for the British troops

 

Term

Railroads:  

Definition

played a huge role in Westward Expansion and in “opening” the frontier

 

Term

Reconstruction:  

Definition

the time period after the Civil War when the South was rebuilt

 

Term

Regions of Texas: 

Definition

 includes the Coastal Plains, North Central Plains, Great Plains, Mountains and Basins 

 

Term

Relative Location:  

Definition

refers to the relationship of one place to other places

 

Term

Renaissance:  

Definition

the time from 1400-1600 when Europe experienced a rebirth in philosophy, learning, art, and science; individuals from this time period included Michelangelo, da Vinci, Copernicus, and Galileo

 

Term

Renewable Resources:  

Definition

resources that can be replaced naturally or by people

 

Term

Revere (Paul):  

Definition

his ride to Concord, New Hampshire to warn colonists that the British troops were on the move was made famous by Longfellow’s poem, “Paul Revere’s Ride”

 

Term

Rodriguez (Cleto):  

Definition

Hispanic soldier awarded the Medal of Honor due to heroism displayed at the Battle of Manila during World War II

 

Term

Roosevelt (Eleanor):  

Definition

wife of President F.D. Roosevelt; transformed the role of the First Lady by holding press conferences and traveling all over the country

 

 

Term
Roosevelt (Franklin Delano):
Definition
32nd President of the United States; president during most of World War II; policies included the New Deal and the Good Neighbor Policy
Term

Rosetta Stone:  

Definition

large black stone found in Egypt and allowed archeologists to translate and read the history of the ancient Egyptians since it contained three languages (Greek, Egyptian script, and Egyptian hieroglyphics)

 

Term

Rural Electrification Administration:  

Definition

Federal legislation to bring electricity to rural areas of the United States

 

Term

Salk (Jonas):  

Definition

formulated a vaccine against polio in the 1950s

 

Term

Savanna:  

Definition

a tropical grassland

 

Term

Scalawags:  

Definition

term for white southerners who had not supported the Confederacy

 

Term

Scarcity:  

Definition

the supply of a good does not satisfy the demand for the good

 

Term

Secondary Source: 

Definition

 non-primary sources; materials produced by people who did not actually witness or participate in the event

 

Term

Seguin (Juan):  

Definition

a Tejano defender of the Alamo who was not killed there; helped write laws for Texas and encouraged the laws to be printed in both Spanish and English

 

Term

Services:  

Definition

work or labor performed for someone

 

Term

Smith (John):  

Definition

the leader Jamestown

 

Term

Socialization: 

Definition

 the process by which humans learn the expectations their society has for their behavior, in order that they might successfully function within that society

 

Term

Sojourner Truth:  

Definition

born into slavery but escaped and became one of the earliest female abolitionists; became a powerful speaker against slavery

 

Term

Spindletop:  

Definition

near Beaumont, Texas; oil was discovered here in 1901; first of many discoveries of oil in Texas

 

Term

Stamp Act:  

Definition

English tax on colonists; everything written or printed (newspapers, etc.) had to have a special stamp to show that the tax had been paid

 

Term

Suffrage:  

Definition

having the right to vote

 

Term

Sugar Act:  

Definition

required the collection of taxes on molasses brought into the colonies

 

Term

Supply and Demand: 

Definition

 refers to the idea that the amount of goods produced will be determined by the demand for those goods; Supply refers to the amount of goods available; Demand refers to the desire to want something and pay for it

 

Term

Surplus:  

Definition

the quantity supplied of a good is greater than the quantity demanded

 

 

Term
Tariff:
Definition
a tax on an imported good
Term

Tejanos:  

Definition

Mexican settlers who moved to Texas

 

Term

Temperance Movement:  

Definition

a social movement against the use of alcohol

 

Term

Texas:  

Definition

28th state to join the U.S. in 1845

 

Term

Texas Revolution:  

Definition

started on October 2, 1835 in Gonzales, Texas; Ended on April 21, 1836 with the Battle of San Jacinto

Term

 

Time Zones: 

Definition

 divides the world into 24 time zones, one beginning every fifteenth meridian; the United States has six time zones:  Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, Alaskan, and Hawaii-Aleutian

 

Term

Tower (John):  

Definition

the first Texas Republican elected to the United States Senate since Reconstruction

 

Term

Trade Deficit:  

Definition

when a nation imports more than it exports

 

Term

Trade Surplus:  

Definition

when a nation exports more than it imports

 

Term

Treaty of Velasco:  

Definition

ended the Texas Revolution

 

Term

Tubman (Harriet):  

Definition

born into slavery but escaped and became a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad; believed to have helped more than 300 people make it to freedom

 

Term

Underground Railroad: 

Definition

 a system of slave escape routes leading to freedom; “conductors” provided food and shelter along the way

 

Term

United States Civil War:  

Definition

fought between 1860 and 1865

 

Term

Veteran’s Day: 

Definition

 a day to celebrate all veterans of the United States Armed Forces; celebrated on November 11th; originally observed as Armistice Day to celebrate the end of World War I

 

Term

Vikings:  

Definition

sailed from Greenland to modern day Canada around 1000 AD to establish fishing and hunting bases

 

Term

Want:  

Definition

an item we desire but that is not necessary for survival

 

Term

Weathering: 

Definition

 the process that breaks down the rocks on the earth’s surface

 

Term

Whitney (Eli):  

Definition

the inventor of the cotton gin and a machine that created parts that were all the same (interchangeable); led to the Industrial Revolution

 

Term

Williams (Roger): 

Definition

 founded the colony of Rhode Island on the idea of religious tolerance and separation of church and state

 

 

Term
Wilson (Woodrow):
Definition
the 14th President of the United States during World War I; called for the creation of the League of Nations
Term

Delta:  

Definition

a triangular section of land built up at a river’s mouth

 

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