phonemes, pitch, and stress

• can occur at a "word" or "sentence" level
• can be difficult for most ELL students to grasp
• can change the meaning of a sentence

• the study of letters and letter combinations
• must be taught explicitedly with numerous learning activities

This type of phonemic awareness instruction involves blending, segmenting, and rhyming words

two or more words that have the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings - ex. stalk (part of a plant) and stalk (to follow)

two or more words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and spellings - ex. wood/would; cite/sight

two or more words with the same spelling but different pronunciation and meaning - ex. Polish/polish

the process of how the words of a language are formed to create meaningful messages

the smallest unit of meaning

languages are dynamic and differ by prefix and suffix

ex. uncommon AND singing

• Breaking a word down into its smallest unit such as compound words
• also known as structural analysis
• shows the relationship between root and base word and prefix and suffix to determine the word's meaning

conversations, arguments, or speeches are types of...

Word order

how words are arranged/combined to build a sentence

Word meaning

how words are selected based on meaning/what makes sense

"empty language"

has little meaning but is important in social  exchanges

• Also known as "syntax"
• Grammatical structure and word order is used to help reader decode unfamiliar words

What type of context clue is this?

• rules of politeness
• conversational skills
• extended discourse
• can be illustrated and practiced by repeating the same situation in different context in an ESL classroom
• ex. in some cultures, it is considered impolite to look a teacher in the eye

• Manipulating and identifying larger parts of oral language such as words and syllables
• activities include clapping syllables of words
• how sounds in spoken language are:segmented (pulled apart, blended (put back together), manipulated (added, deleted, and substituted)

• how language is used in a particular setting or for a particular purpose
• knowing what language to use in a conversation (social vs. academic)

refers to formal academic learning to include:

• listening, reading, speaking, and writing

an average student an acquire BICS within ___ to ____ years of language learning

an average student an acquire CALP within ___ to ____ years of language learning

• age
• language
• proficiency level
• literacy in the first language

__________ language activities  should be incorporated as skills to be learned along iwth reading and writing.

In an ESL classroom, instruction should provide opportunities for _______   ______________ in all its forms.

Name some activites that encourage students to use the four linguistic skills.

• interviews
• skits
• dictation
• note taking
• story telling

consists of two independent clauses joined by a conjunction such as: and, or, nor, but, for, yet, so

an action or state of being; ex. I will show you my new dress

A word that takes the place of a noun

Can be personal, possessive, or indefinite

shows ownership:

(my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, ours, ours, your, yours, their, and theirs)

• First, second, or third (I, you, he, she, it)
• Singular or plural (I/we, you, he, she, it/they)
• Subjective or objective (I/me, you/you, he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them)

refers to persons, places, things or ideas in general:

(ex. each, both, most, something)

a word that modifies a noun or pronoun

they asnwer the questions: what kind? how many? and which?

ADVERB

a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb

answers the questions: how? when? where? how often? to what extent?