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75
Computer Science
11th Grade
01/26/2010

Additional Computer Science Flashcards

 


 

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Term
artificial intelligence
Definition
a field of computer science devoted to making computers percieve, reason, interpret and respond to new situations without direct instructions
Term
aggregator
Definition
webpage/software that pulls info from rss feeds - tracks what's been read - allows you to add remove feeds
Term
broadband
Definition
the connection to the isp - high bandwidth - always on - uses broadband modem
Term
lossy compression
Definition
an irreversible form of compression when encoding data that results in a loss of quality in exchange for smaller file size - eg jpeg, mp3
Term
lossless compression
Definition
a reversible form of compression where there is no loss of quality. The initial file can be recreated from the compressed one
Term
DBMS
Definition
Database Management System
Term
Database Management System
Definition
a program that manages and processes the data inputted on to the databases furthermore it maniplulates the data so that it can be interrogated during searches
Term
a Database Management System provides.......
Definition
-data independence
Term
MIDI
Definition
an interface that allows a user, a computer and an instrument to interact
Term
cell reference
Definition
the address of a cell eg b3
Term
cell range
Definition
a series of concurrent cells in a spreadsheet that are described by the putting the top left and the bottom right cell references separated by a colon e.g. B10:C22 would be the cell range that covered all of the cells from b10 to c22 inclusive
Term
relative reference
Definition
a cell reference in a formula which when the formula is copied to a different cell, changes the formula to include a reference to a different cell which has the same spacial relationship to the formula as the original. eg copying formula a1*3 from d1 to d2 would change the formula to a2*3 automatically
Term
absolute reference
Definition
a cell reference in a formula which when the formula is copied to a different cell, still points to the original cell reference - usually marked by $ signs. e.g. eg copying formula $a$1*3 from d1 to d2 would result in the formula in both being $a$1*3
Term
formula
Definition
a step by step process for calculating a number on a spreadsheet typed in by the user - it automatically updates itself if the contents of the cells it refers to changes
Term
function
Definition
a predefined calculation that is inbuilt into spreadsheet software such as sum or average
Term
relational database
Definition
a database that uses a series of tables to hold data about each entitiy
Term
entity
Definition
an object, thing or person about which data is held in a database
Term
a query
Definition
a database object that is used to interrogate the data - ie get information out of the data
Term
a form
Definition
an interface part of the database that is used both for input of data and output of information to the user - can be used to enter data into a table or display the results of a sort or search (query!)
Term
gui in a database
Definition
graphical user interface - the buttons, boxes and user friendly menus that are used to help the users navigate the database forms
Term
a search/ query
Definition
selects records that meet the criteria set in one or more fields
Term
report
Definition
a printed output from a database that usually displays the results of a query
Term
object oriented graphics
Definition
the storage of pictures as collections of lines, sapes, and other objects that can be manipulated as a whole, rather than just a selection of pixels - used in animation, films, modelling for architects and engineers and computer games
Term
vector graphics
Definition
graphics produced by storing the instruction of how to create the image (a line x cm long, a curve x cm long with a radius of 3 cm etc) - scalebale without distortion, and smaller size, but can't do images like photos
Term
bitmapped graphics
Definition
a 'map' of which pixel is which colour is stored either one by one (eg bmp) or in some compressed format (eg jpg)
Term
pixel
Definition
a 'picture element' or dot on a computer screen or printout of which all output is composed
Term
codec
Definition
'coder-decoder' - a piece of software usually used for audio or video files to encode or decode a file in a given format - their are lots of different proprietary formats and each needs its own codec before you can play it
Term
protocol
Definition
a set of rules for the exchange of data between two computers. Common ones used on the internet include tcp/ip and http
Term
platform
Definition
the combination of hardware and operating system software upon which applications software is built
Term
platform independent
Definition
the ability of a peripheral device to work on more than one platform eg USB can be used with both Windows and Macs
Term
patch
Definition
a bug fix usually published on the software manufactures support page - applying these is often an effective way of stopping security vulnerabilities being exploited by hackers
Term
macro
Definition
an automated procedure often programmed/recorded by the user, that performs a series of commonly used steps in a piece of sofware. Eg printing a particular sheet with the current data, running a query and exporting the data or copying data from one file to another
Term
network topology
Definition
the layout of the wires in a wired network - the common ones are bus, star and ring (although mesh also exists rarely)
Term
hybrid network
Definition
a network that has a topology that is made up of more than one type of topology
Term
smart card
Definition
a card that looks like a standard credit card, but features an embedded microprocessor and memory instead of a magnetic strip
Term
passive rfid tag
Definition
a device that when energized by a nearby rfid reader, broadcasts information to the reader for input into a computer
Term
active rfid tag
Definition
an rfid tag that contains its own power supply and is not dependent on being engergised by a reader - it has a longer range
Term
rfid reader
Definition
a radio device designed to communicate with tags - different types dependent on the range and device
Term
real time processing
Definition
processing that happens in control systems - medical monitoring, datalogging, environmental control, robotics
Term
transaction processing
Definition
computer processing that happens when you are dealing with data (databases, information processing systems) - a transaction is adding a record, deleting one, editing one, even reading one
Term
SQL
Definition
Structured query language - the most widely used language for managing data in relational databases. It has been standardised and DBMS vendors now certify their products as being compliant with this.
Term
online processing
Definition
the form of transaction processing where each transaction is dealt with in turn and each is completed before the next is started. Used where time is a factor and you don't want things to get out of date eg cinema tickets, online banking
Term
batch processing
Definition
transactions are collected into batches over a specified period of time (e.g. a day for cheques, a month for utility bills). They are then entered, validated, sorted and then in one go used to update the master file. The result is a new master file, and the old one is kept as a father file
Term
Social Engineering
Definition
An informal term that is used to describe the use of deception to get individuals to reveal sensitive information. eg pretending to be someone else and get their password reset so you can access their account. Often easier to do than technical hacking
Term
botnet
Definition
a malicious network of bots (zombie computers) often used for spamming, malicious software attacts, DNS attacks and pornography
Term
zombie computer
Definition
an internet connected computer that has been hijacked using viruses or other tools to perform malicious acts without the knowledge of their owners/users
Term
simulation
Definition
the use of a computer model to replicate reality. used extensively in training, research, gaming
Term
modeling
Definition
the use of computers to create abstract mathematical models of objects, organisations, organisms and processes. eg bacteria, economy of Brazil, an alien space ship
Term
data mining
Definition
the discovery and extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases
Term
data matching
Definition
the extaction of information from the combination of data from two different databases using a common key eg passport number, social security number, date of birth combined with address. Allows for matching of police records with education records for eg
Term
data scrubbing
Definition
the processing of going through a database and getting rid of records that contain errors - makes the data more valuable
Term
data warehouse
Definition
an integrated collection of data stored in one location belonging to one organisation
Term
data warehousing software
Definition
software used to create and maintain huge databases
Term
database
Definition
a collection of data stored in an organised form that can be interrogated to produce information
Term
flat file database
Definition
a database that has only one table (and so should have only one entity!) - if it is about more than one thing, it will have problems with data redundancy which leads to errors
Term
flat file database
Definition
a database that has only one table (and so should have only one entity!) - if it is about more than one thing, it will have problems with data redundancy which leads to errors
Term
validation
Definition
that act of checking that data which is being input is reasonable - it falls into a particular range, is present, is in a particular format, has a particular number of characters etc
Term
verification
Definition
the act of reducing input errors by comparison - in double entry verification it is entered twice and compared by software to detect the errors, in visual verification, it is usually done by the person typing and they compare the typed version to the original source of the data.
Term
check digit
Definition
a form of validation found usually on barcodes or other automatic input methods. One of the numbers is calculated from the others using an algorithm when the barcode is produced. When the data is inputed using the barcode, the calculation is repeated and the check digit compared with the result of the calculation to check they are the same
Term
primary key/key field
Definition
a unique identifier for one record in the table of data. Each record has just one primary key and each primary key applies just to one record. e.g. your school 4 or 5 digit number
Term
foreign key
Definition
a primary key from a different table used to create a relationship between 2 tables. Eg in the class table for your lessons, it has its own primary key, but your school id will be in the table to link you to the class
Term
Turing test
Definition
the test devised by Alan turing where a human tester talks (using text ) to 2 'people' in different rooms - one is a person the other is the supposedly intelligent computer. The conversation can be about anything. If the tester cannot tell which is human and which is the computer, then the computer must be intelligent
Term
Trojan
Definition
malware that pretends to be something else in order to gain access to your system
Term
network administrators
Definition
the technical experts that make networks in organisation run
Term
mail merge
Definition
a feature of word processing software that allows a form letter/labels or other standard format to be combined with output from a database query in order to produce personalised mailings/labels/newsletters etc
Term
GPS
Definition
global positioning system - the use of satellites (somewhere between 24 and 32) to pinpoint the location of a gps device on the planet. Different accuracy for different applications - originally military
Term
TCP/IP
Definition
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The protocols that control the chunking of data into packets and the passing of it over networks. It governs the use of IP addresses to define locations on a network
Term
HTTP
Definition
hypertext transfer protocol - the protocol that controls the transfer of webpages
Term
hub
Definition
a simple network device that sends messages out to nodes on a network - it does not manage traffic
Term
switch
Definition
a network device (hardware) that directs traffic on a network to its destination
Term
router
Definition
a device that directs internet transmissions
Term
domestic gateway
Definition
a router that is used to connect a home network to the internet
Term
Java
Definition
a platform neutral object oriented programming language for use on multiplatform networks
Term
Java
Definition
a platform neutral object oriented programming language for use on multiplatform networks
Term
USB
Definition
universal serial bus - a data path standard that allows multiple peripheral devices to be chained together from a single port - much faster and more flexible than traditional serial or parallel ports
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