Term
| what is used to measure lung volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is used to measure FVC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forced vital capacity
the amount of air forcibly exhaled after maximal inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of air exhaled after maximal inspiration |
|
|
Term
| define total lung capacity. |
|
Definition
| vital capacity + residual volume |
|
|
Term
| what can spirometry NOT measure? |
|
Definition
total lung capacity
residual volume
FEV1 |
|
|
Term
| why is it a good thing you cannot exhale all the air? (Hint: 2) |
|
Definition
to ensure the lungs do not collapse
gas exchange is always happening |
|
|
Term
define tidal volume.
when does it change? |
|
Definition
amount of air in each breath
changes during exercise |
|
|
Term
| define expiratory reserve volume. |
|
Definition
| amount of air you can exhale after a normal, quiet exhale |
|
|
Term
| define functional residual capacity. |
|
Definition
| expiratory reserve + residual volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of air you can exhale in the first second |
|
|
Term
| a healthy individual should be able to exhale how many liters of air (FEV1/FVC)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F in a normal, healthy person lungs can be a limiting factor to exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) characterized by?
what are some examples of COPD? |
|
Definition
expiratory flow limitations/ cannot get the bad air out
1)asthma
2)bronchitis
3)emphysema |
|
|
Term
| what characterizes emphysema? |
|
Definition
| the lungs lose elasticity |
|
|
Term
| T/F before the end of the next decade COPD will probably be the 3rd leading cause of death. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in a patient with COPD, what is seen on a spirometry test?
which is the most important to look for (the dead give away)? |
|
Definition
normal of increased TLC
modest decrease in FVC
increase Residual lung volume
MARKEDLY DECREASE IN FEV1 (decrease FEV1/FVC ratio)
markedly decrease in MVV |
|
|
Term
| why would you see an increase in TLC in a patient with COPD? |
|
Definition
| over time the ribs change and allow for the lungs to increase |
|
|
Term
| why would you see an markedly decrease in FEV1 in a patient with COPD? |
|
Definition
| they are unable to exhale with speed |
|
|
Term
| why would you see an increase in TLC in a patient with COPD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle power, breath in and out as fast as you can |
|
|
Term
what characterizes Restrictive Lung Disease?
what do they consist of? |
|
Definition
disease that restrict air in
may not always be the lungs but anything that affects the air in (spine and rib cage) |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of restrictive lung disease that affects the spine and ribcage? |
|
Definition
kyphoscoliosis
ankylosing spondylitis |
|
|
Term
what happens if you get an infection of the pleura?
how does the pleura work? |
|
Definition
pleural fibrosis
uses surface tension to hold the lungs open |
|
|
Term
| interstitial fibrosis and alveoli tis are diseases of the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can obesity affect breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in a patient with Restrictive Lung Disease, what is seen on a spirometry test?
which is the most important to look for?
what does the graph look like? |
|
Definition
FEV1 won't be effected that much
decreased FVC
decreased TLC
decreased IC
reduced MVV
ABOVE NORMAL FEV1:FVC ratio
normal graph but shrunk |
|
|
Term
| T/F snoring is a predictor of heart disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pH is dropping
the peripheral chemoreceptors cause Ve to increase further than CO2 |
|
|
Term
| what is happening to Ve and VO2 at VT1? |
|
Definition
Ve increases
VO2 keeps a stead increase |
|
|
Term
| what is happening to Ve and VO2 at VT2? |
|
Definition
Ve increases
VO2 increasing but slowly |
|
|
Term
| on a ventilatory equivalents graph, what characterizes normal COPD, and restrictive? |
|
Definition
normal: between 30 and 40 drops slightly and then increases to about resting, clear threshold seen
COPD: resting numbers are high, no thresholds clear, starts high and comes down a bit
Restrictive: high due to insufficient numbers, threshold visible, very high still |
|
|
Term
| how much air do i need to breath (to rid this much CO2) to bring so much O2 in? |
|
Definition
normally between 30 and 35 L
(30L of air to bring in a L of O2)
(35L of air to blow off a L of CO2) |
|
|
Term
| why does it take 30L to bring in one L of O2 but 35L to blow off a L of CO2? |
|
Definition
| RER at rest is .75 consuming more O2 than blowing off CO2 |
|
|
Term
| do you want Ve equivalents high or low? why? |
|
Definition
| want them to be low because more O2 coming in with each breath |
|
|
Term
| why do you become more efficient just with an increase of Ve? |
|
Definition
| breathing deeper because you are diluting dead space air causing you to be more efficient |
|
|
Term
| what percent of each breath at rest is dead space air? during exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
environment
small air ways
cold |
|
|
Term
| what are the four important reasons to measure body composition? |
|
Definition
1)to assess the decrease in body fat weight that occurs in response to a weight-management program
2)to help athletes determine the best body comp for performance
3)to monitor fat and fat-free weight in patients with disease
4)to track long-term changes that occur in body fat and fat-free mass with aging |
|
|
Term
| what are most body composition analyses are based on what? |
|
Definition
| viewing the body as consisting of two separate components: fat and fat-free mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water, protein and mineral components |
|
|
Term
| T/F Fat-free mass varies because of age, sex, ethnicity, level of body fatness and physical activity level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F weight management alone can accurately determine the body fat status of a person. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of someone with an mesomorphic body type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the ectomorphic body type. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the endomorphic body type. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| body type is strongly affect by _____ with litter influence from ____ and _______. |
|
Definition
genetics
lifestyle and exercise habits |
|
|
Term
| what are some considerations for the 1983 Metropolitan weight tables? |
|
Definition
1)the tables are based on specific populations that are not representative of the whole population
2)no consideration was made for cigarette smoking
3)the height-weight tables were based on the lowest mortality and did not take into account obesity
4)only initial weights were used in the determination of ideal weight |
|
|
Term
| what are the two unique features of the USDA table of "Suggested Weight for Adults"? |
|
Definition
1)one weight ranges was given for BOTH men and women
2)a separate weight range for a given heigh was listed for people 35 years and older |
|
|
Term
| the Dietary Guidelines for Americans in 2000 and 2005 recommend the use of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| being 20% or more overweight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ratio or percentage of actual weight to desirable weight |
|
|
Term
what are the standards of relative weight?
underweight?
desirable?
overweight?
mild obesity?
moderate obesity?
severe obesity? |
|
Definition
underweight=<90%
desirable-90-110%
overweight=111-119%
mild obesity=120-139%
moderate obesity=140-199%
severe obesity=>200% |
|
|
Term
| how should body weight be measured? |
|
Definition
| on a physician's balance-beam scale, with minimal clothes, and no shoes |
|
|
Term
| how much does the weight of an average adult vary each day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain how to properly measure height. |
|
Definition
have the person stand without shoes
heels together
back straight
heels, butt, shoulders, head, against the wall
weight distributed evenly
before measurement inhale deeply |
|
|
Term
| what is used to measure height and what does it consist of? |
|
Definition
stadiometer
headboard and ruler |
|
|
Term
| what is the common method to measure frame size? |
|
Definition
| measuring the width of the elbow |
|
|
Term
| how do you properly measure elbow width? |
|
Definition
have the person stand erect, with the right arm extended forward perpendicular to the body
flex the arm to a 90 degree angle with fingers facing up and palm facing inward |
|
|
Term
| what instrument is used to measure elbow width? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adjust the body weight for height to derive a height free measure of obesity |
|
|
Term
| define overweight in terms of BMI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
define obesity in terms of BMI.
class 1?
class 2?
severe? |
|
Definition
greater than 30 BMI
class1:30-34.9
class2:35-39.9
severe:40 or greater |
|
|
Term
| T/F BMI underestimate body fat in persons who are very muscular, can overestimate body fat in persons who have lost muscle mass or in patients with edema, and gives high BMI to very short people. |
|
Definition
false
overestimate body fat in persons who are very muscular, can underestimate body fat in persons who have lost muscle mass or in patients with edema, and gives high BMI to very short people. |
|
|
Term
| T/F relative risk for CVD increases in a graded fashion with increasing BMI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____provides an independent prediction of risk over and above that of BMI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the advantages of taking skin fold measurements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F skinfold measurements are taken on the left side of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the rules to taking skin fold measurements? |
|
Definition
1)those with little experience should mark the site being measured
2)feel the site prior to measurement
3)firmly grasp the skin fold with the thumb and index finger of your left hand and pull away from the subjects body
4)hold the caliper in your right hand, perpendicular to the skin fold with the dial facing up. Place the caliper at least .25 in away from fingers
5)do not place caliper too deep into the skin fold or too far away on the tip of the skin fold
6)read the dial ~4 seconds after the pressure fom you hand has been released
7)take a minimum of 2 measurements at each site
8)maintain the pressure with the thumb and forefinger throughout each measurement
9)when measuring the obese it may be impossible to elevate skin fold with parallel sides
10)do not take measurements when the subject's skin is moist
11)take practice to grasp the same amount of skin consistently |
|
|
Term
| what should you ensure before taking skin fold measurement? |
|
Definition
| calipers should be accurately calibrated and have a constant pressure of 10 grams per square millimeter |
|
|
Term
| what are some disadvantages to skin fold measurements? |
|
Definition
measurement at the wrong site
inconsistencies among calipers
inconsistent equations
technician skill |
|
|
Term
| what are the 9 skin fold sights? |
|
Definition
Chest
Abdomen
Thigh
triceps
suprailiac
midaxillary
subscapular
medial calf
biceps |
|
|
Term
| T/F the triceps skin fold has been used the most often in large population group studies where one skin fold was measured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two most common sights used during a two-site skin fold test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why were the triceps and sub scapular sites chosen for the two-site skin fold test? |
|
Definition
-correlations between sites and other measures have been consistently among the highest
-these sites are more reliable and objectively measure than most other sites
-there are available national norms |
|
|
Term
| what is the SEE for underwater weighing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______is the most widely used lab procedure for measuring body density. The Gold Standard. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the procedures for underwater weighing? |
|
Definition
1)obtain basic data (demographics)
2)take skin folds-some people have difficulty in blowing out all the air
3)give basic instructions-how it sit in the chair, underwater position
4)record the consistent underwater weight
5)determine the water density
6)determine the residual volume |
|
|
Term
how does bioelectrical impedance work?
why is it logical? |
|
Definition
sends a 50kilohertz current through the person being measured
fat mass does not conduct electricity well |
|
|
Term
what are the sources of error when using bioelectrical impedance?
why would it be more accurate? |
|
Definition
instrumentation:analyzers differ
subject and environmental factors:eating and drinking cool air, menstruation
because now you give the machine so much information |
|
|
Term
| what are the guidelines prior to a BIA measurement? |
|
Definition
1)no eating or drinking within 4 hours of the test
2)no exercise within 12 hours of the test
3)urinate within 30 minutes of the test
4)no alcohol within 48 hours of the test
5)no diuretic medications within 7 days of the test
6)no testing of female clients who perceive they are retaining water
7)BIA measurements made in a room with a normal temperature |
|
|
Term
| T/F the BIA method has been found to have about the same accuracy as the skin fold method |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
explain how the FUTREX-5000 works.
are they valid? |
|
Definition
emits near-infrared light at two frequencies into the biceps area of the dominant arm, at these frequencies body fat absorbs light, while LBM reflects the light
NOOOO |
|
|
Term
| what is the SEE for near-infrared light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F near-infrared light systemically underestimates body fat percentage by as much as 2-10% with the underestimation apparent with obese clients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is male android type? |
|
Definition
| apple shape, predominance of body fat in upper half of the body |
|
|
Term
| what is the female gynoid type? |
|
Definition
| pear shaped, excess body fat in the lower half of the body |
|
|
Term
| what is the intermediate form? |
|
Definition
| both upper and lower body fat predominance |
|
|
Term
| what fat is most strongly related to negative health problems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define waist circumference. |
|
Definition
| the smaller was it circumference below the ribcage and above the umbilicus, while standing with abdominal muscles relaxed |
|
|
Term
| define hip circumference. |
|
Definition
| the largest circumference of the buttocks-hip area with the person is standing |
|
|
Term
| how is the WHR calculated? |
|
Definition
| dividing the waist circumference by the hip circumference |
|
|
Term
| T/F there is good evidence that the waist circumference alone correlated highly with visceral fat and is associated with increased risk of disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F obese individuals have a higher all-cause mortality than persons with normal BMI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F BMI discriminated fat from lean mass or abdominal from gluteofemoral fat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is the most commonly used clinical measure of body fat distribution, according the study. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to the study, obesity is defined as. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what were the cut points for circumference to define elevated risk for men? for women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the large sample size in the study allowed for what? |
|
Definition
model the association of waist circumference with mortality
evaluate risk within narrow bands of BMI to assess validity
estimated the potential years of life lost |
|
|
Term
| how was waist circumference measured in the study? |
|
Definition
one study measured by a technician
rest were measured why self reported data |
|
|
Term
| what does the counterfactual method estimate? |
|
Definition
| estimate survival as if assigning all participants within each sex alternately to one level of waist circumference or another |
|
|
Term
| According to the study, waist circumference was positively associated with BMI and former smoking status and negatively associated with physical activity, whereas it was only weakly associated with prevalent disease, marital status or alcohol consumption, describes the results for men or women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the study, waist circumference was positively associated with higher BMI and prevalent disease, whereas it was only weakly associated with smoking status, martial status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity and was not appreciable associated with educational level, describes the results for men or women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F waist circumference was strongly associated with all-cause mortality for both men and women in unadjusted models. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to the study, what is the estimated decrease in life expectancy for men? for women? |
|
Definition
~3 years for men
~5 years for women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a strong positive association of waist circumference in 5-cm increments with total mortality after accounting for BMI |
|
|
Term
| T/F waist circumference was more strongly associated with cancer mortality. |
|
Definition
false
with CVD and respiratory disease mortality |
|
|
Term
| what were the strengths of the study? |
|
Definition
largest sample size reported to date
standardized cut points and adjustment factors
effect of confounding through stratification |
|
|
Term
what were the limitations of the study?
which lead to what? |
|
Definition
only a single measurement of waist circumference
waist circumference and BMI were self reported
underestimations of the magnitude of the mortality risks |
|
|
Term
| T/F the results strongly suggest that BMI and waist circumference jointly serve as important predictors of mortality in the general population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F in white adults, higher waist circumference was positively associated with higher mortality at all levels of BMI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the abdominal skin fold. |
|
Definition
vertical fold
2cm to the right of the umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| describe the biceps skin fold. |
|
Definition
vertical fold
on the anterior of the arm over the belly of the muscle
1cm above the level used for the triceps |
|
|
Term
| describe the chest/pectoral skin fold. |
|
Definition
diagonal fold
1/2 (1/3 for women) the distance between the anterior axillary line and nipple |
|
|
Term
| describe the medial calf skin fold. |
|
Definition
vertical fold
at the max girth of the calf on the midline of the medial border |
|
|
Term
| describe the midaxillary skin fold. |
|
Definition
vertical fold
the midaxillary line at the level of the xyphiod process |
|
|
Term
| describe the sub scapular skin fold. |
|
Definition
diagonal fold
1-2cm below the inferior angle of the scapula |
|
|
Term
| describe the surpailiac skin fold. |
|
Definition
diagonal fold
in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest
in the anterior axillary line immediately superior to the iliac crest |
|
|
Term
| describe the thigh skin fold. |
|
Definition
vertical fold
on the anterior midline of the thigh
midway between the proximal border of the patella and the inguinal fold |
|
|
Term
| describe the triceps skin fold. |
|
Definition
vertical fold
on the posterior midline of the upper arm
half way between acromion and olecranon processes
arm freely at side |
|
|
Term
| T/F all skin fold measurements are on the left side of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some helpful tips to taking skin folds? |
|
Definition
measure middle of the fold and perpendicular to the fold
pinch above of below the site |
|
|
Term
| how many measurements are taken at each site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is waist circumference measured? |
|
Definition
| at the level of the umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| what are tips to measuring hip and waist circumference? |
|
Definition
measure at the side
don't measure your finger
don't compress skin |
|
|
Term
| T/F abdominals can be tighter during a waist measurement. |
|
Definition
false
inhale and exhale, measure |
|
|
Term
| where is the hip circumference measured? |
|
Definition
| at the widest part of the buttocks |
|
|
Term
| T/F 34 of Americans are obese. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what BMI define severely obese? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the two compartment model for body composition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F BMI and waist circumference are measures of body composition. |
|
Definition
false
they do not specify fat and fat-free mass |
|
|
Term
| when measuring body fat what are some considerations to keep in mind? |
|
Definition
charts aren't standardized
is the person an athlete |
|
|
Term
| how do you calculate BMI? |
|
Definition
| weight (kg) / height (m^2) |
|
|
Term
| T/F fat is inflammatory and can disrupt the mitochondria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F as BMI increases so does risk.* |
|
Definition
true
but as they looked at who lives the longest the overweight group has the longest life expectancy |
|
|
Term
| T/F does not matter where the fat is carried. |
|
Definition
false
abdominal fat seems to be the most dangerous because it releases hormones |
|
|
Term
| what is hydrostatic weighing based on? explain. |
|
Definition
Archimedes Priniciple
something that is very dense won't displace much water
fat less dense than water |
|
|
Term
| where is the source of error with underwater weighing? |
|
Definition
| really hard to blow all the air out of your lungs when you go under |
|
|
Term
what was DEXA originally made for?
how does it work?
what does it allow for the measurement of? |
|
Definition
measure the density of bone mineral density
uses frequencies of low dose radiation to produce images of bone, muscle, and fat
allows for measurement of regional fat |
|
|
Term
| the DEXA uses what model? |
|
Definition
three compartment model
bone, muscle, fat |
|
|
Term
| T/F air displacement is the same accuracy as skin folds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the waist to hip ratio that low risk for men and women? |
|
Definition
men:less than 0.9
women:less than 0.8 |
|
|
Term
| what is the waist to hip ratio that moderate risk for men and women? |
|
Definition
men:0.9-0.94
women:0.8-0.85 |
|
|
Term
| what is the waist to hip ratio that high risk for men and women? |
|
Definition
men:greater than 0.95
women:greater than 0.86 |
|
|
Term
| what does body fat assume? |
|
Definition
| measures of subcutaneous fat are representative of total body fat/density |
|
|
Term
| body composition equations should account for what 5 factors? |
|
Definition
age
gender
ethnicity
sport specificity
body shape |
|
|
Term
| T/F VO2 may be irrelevant depending on the sport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parameters of athletic performance? |
|
Definition
maximum muscular strength
anaerobic or max muscle power
anaerobic capacity
agility
speed
flexibility
body composition
anthropometry |
|
|
Term
| what does cable tensiometry include? |
|
Definition
an electric load cell
cables
testing table
streaps
goinometer |
|
|
Term
| what does cable tensiometry measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of force produced during a single muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| what test can be used to measure isotonic strength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define isometric muscle contraction. |
|
Definition
| muscle is not shortening with force production |
|
|
Term
| T/F isometric strength may not demonstrate large changes with isotonic training. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the disadvantage of testing isometrically? |
|
Definition
| most people don't train isometrically |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of isokinetic testing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F force and velocity are inversely related. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are hydraulic systems used to test isokinetic strength? |
|
Definition
| contractions performed at a fixed speed to maximize resistance throughout ROM |
|
|
Term
| what are the disadvantages of hydraulic systems used to test isokinetic strength? |
|
Definition
expensive
some lifts/exercises cannot be performed |
|
|
Term
| what are the advantages of handgrip dynamometry? disadvantages? |
|
Definition
simple
reproducible
cheap
lacks specificity |
|
|
Term
| what is the most widely accepted measure of maximum isotonic strength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F 1-RM tests are used for total body strength. |
|
Definition
false
specific to muscle group being tested |
|
|
Term
| what is the protocol for a 1-RM test? |
|
Definition
1)warm up 5-10 reps @ 40-60% of perceived 1-RM
2)1 minute rest
3)3-5 reps @ 60-80% of perceived 1-RM
4)3-5 minutes rest
5)max of 5 attempts at 1-RM (3-5min rest between attempts) |
|
|
Term
| during a 1-RM test for more than 5 attempts causes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F 1-RM test should be repeated on different days to confirm results. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are tests that measure power? |
|
Definition
vertical jump
broad jump
Wingate |
|
|
Term
| what is the most valid anaerobic power test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
30 sec tets with resistance of 7.5% of body weight
(women power athletes 7.5%, normal 6%)
(men power athletes 10%) |
|
|
Term
| what is the protocol for the Wingate? |
|
Definition
explain test is as few words as possible
enter data in software
get subject pedaling at 50RPM at start of 10 second countdown
@ 5 seconds subject should be at 90 RPMs
at 1 second they should be going all out
(power athlete at 120 RPM) |
|
|
Term
define agility.
what do you need to achieve this? |
|
Definition
the ability to change direction of the body in an efficient and effective manner
balance, speed, strength, and coordination |
|
|
Term
| give some examples for testing agility. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the test selection factors? |
|
Definition
metabolic specificity
sport and biochemical specificity
experience and training status
environmental factors |
|
|
Term
| what is a general rule for test order? |
|
Definition
| tests requiring high-skill movements, such as reaction and coordination tests, should be administered before tests that are likely to produce fatigue and confound the results of subsequent tests. |
|
|
Term
| what is the sequence of tests? |
|
Definition
non-fatiguing tests
agility tests
maximum power and strength tests
sprint tests
local muscular endurance tests
fatiguing anaerobic capacity tests
aerobic capacity tests |
|
|
Term
what are the testing timing points?
within one test?
within a program? |
|
Definition
pre, mid, post
should be planned with annual training plan |
|
|
Term
| what are some muscular endurance tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the position for male and female for the push up test? |
|
Definition
male: normal push up position
female: knee push up |
|
|
Term
| how is the score counted during the push up test? |
|
Definition
| the max number of pushups performed consecutively without rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
individual lays on mat
knees @ 90 degrees
tape to show 8 cm or 12 cm depending on subject age (45)
metronome at 40 bpm
max 75 sit ups |
|
|
Term
| explain the sit and reach test. |
|
Definition
have subject warm up before test
remove shoes
feet up against box (hold box so it doesn't move)
interlock hands above head
inhale and exhale diving fingers forward
head down
slowly pushing the tab forward
be sure to keep legs extended |
|
|
Term
| explain the "passive" back extension. |
|
Definition
start from a prone position
keeping hips on the floor
extend torso and arms up
the score is the distance from the suprasternal notch to the floor |
|
|
Term
| explain the "active" back extension. |
|
Definition
start from a prone position
raise torso from floor using back muscles
keep hips in contact with the floor
12 inches is the highest score |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps for the hip-flexor flexibility test? |
|
Definition
1)lie supine on the table with lower leg extending over the end of the table
2)flex the opposite knee and hip and bring knee toward chest until lower back is flat against the table |
|
|
Term
| how is scoring done for the hip-flexor flexibility test? |
|
Definition
1 point=bring knee to chest and flatten lower back with the opposite thigh on the table and knee flexing to 80 degrees or beyond
2 points=opposite thigh will not stay on the table and the knee will not flex to 80 degrees with test, hip flexion is within 20 degrees
3 points=if opposite thigh flexes 20 degrees and more off the table and knee extends beyond 60 degrees |
|
|
Term
| what is spirometry used to determine? |
|
Definition
| obstructive or restrictive disease |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of obstructive diseases? |
|
Definition
asthma
emphysema
bronchitis |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of restrictive diseases? |
|
Definition
kyphoscoliosis
ankylosing spondylitis |
|
|
Term
| a markedly decrease in FEV1 would be what type of disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an above normal FEV1:FVC ratio would be what type of disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The FEV1 won't be affected in someone with ___ disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does total lung capacity look like in someone with restrictive or obstructive lung disease? |
|
Definition
restrictive: decreased
obstructive:normal or increased |
|
|
Term
| explain Archimedes Principle. |
|
Definition
| less dense objects will displace more water. Fat is less dense than lean body mass, meaning the leaner you are the less water you will displace |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between isometric, isokinetic, and isotonic? |
|
Definition
isometric: muscle remains the same length
isokinetic: contractions are performed at a fixed speed to maximize resistance through range of motion
isotonic:concentric or eccentric (shortening or lengthening) |
|
|
Term
what systems does the Wingate test evaluate?
what is it an index of? |
|
Definition
glycolytic system, ATP-PCr
muscle fatigue |
|
|
Term
| add ___ to sit and reach box. |
|
Definition
|
|
