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Test3- Drug List, & Important Definition
drugs, how they, adverse effects, interactions, and why. Terms & Definitions
82
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 2
10/18/2014
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Term
Alpha1 Blockers:
 Definition
Drugs that primarily cause Arterial and Venous Dilation through their Action on Peripheral Sympathetic Neurons.
Term
Antihypertensive Drugs:
 Definition
Medication used to treat hypertension.
Term
Cardiac Output:
 Definition
The amount of blood Ejected from the Left Ventricle, measured in Liters per Minute.
Term
Centrally acting Adrenergic Drugs:
 Definition
Drugs that modify the function of the sympathetic nervous system in the brain by Stimulating Alpha2 Receptors. Alpha2 Receptors are inhibitory in nature and thus have a Reverse Sympathetic Effect and cause Decreased Blood Pressure.
Term
Essential Hypertension:
 Definition
Elevated Systemic Arterial Pressure for which no cause can be found; also called primary or idiopathic hypertension.
Term
Hypertension:
 Definition
A common, often asymptomatic disorder in which, Systolic Blood Pressure persistently exceeds 90 mm Hg.
Term
Orthostatic Hypertension:
 Definition
A common Adverse Effect of Adrenergic Blocking Drugs involving a Sudden Drop in Blood Pressure when a person Changes Position, especially when rising from a seat or horizontal position.
Term
Prodrug:
 Definition
A drug that is Inactive in its Given Form, and which Must be Metabolized to its Active Form in the Body, generally by the Liver to be Effective.
Term
Secondary Hypertension:
 Definition
High Blood Pressure caused by another disease such as renal, pulmonary, endocrine, or vascular disease.
Term
Angina Pectoris:
 Definition
Chest pain that occurs when the Heart's Supply of Bood Carrying Oxygen is Insufficient to meet the Demand of the Heart.
Term
Artherosclerosis:
 Definition
A common form of Arteriosclerosis involving Deposits of Fatty Cholesterol-Containing Material Plaques within Arterial Walls.
Term
Artherosclerosis:
 Definition
A common form of Arteriosclerosis involving Deposits of Fatty Cholesterol-Containing Material Plaques within Arterial Walls.
Term
Chronic-Stable Angina:
 Definition
Chest pain that is Primarily caused by Atherosclerosis, which results in a Long-Term but relatively stable level of Obstruction in one or more Coronary Arteries.
Term
Coronary Arteries:
 Definition
Arteries that Deliver Oxygen to the Heart Muscle
Term
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):
 Definition
Any one of the Abnormal conditions that can affect the arteries of the Heart and Produce various Pathologic effects, especially a Reduced Supply of Oxygen and Nutrients to the Myocardium.
Term
Ischemia:
 Definition
Poor Blood Supy to the Heart, via the coronary arteries.
Term
Myocardial Infarction (MI):
 Definition
Necrosis of the Myocardium following Interruption of Blood Supply; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, and is commonly called a Heart Attack.
Term
Reflex Tachycardia:
 Definition
A rapid heartbeat caused by a Variety of Autonomic Nervous System Effects, such as Blood Pressure Changes, Fever, or Emotional Stress.
Term
Unstable Angina:
 Definition
Early Stage of Progressive Coronary Artery Disease.
Term
Vasospastic Angina:
 Definition
Ischemia-induced myocardial chest pain caused by Spasms of the Coronary Arteries; also referred to as Prinzmetal or variant angina.
Term
Atrial Fibrillation:
 Definition
A Common Cardiac Dysrhythmia with Atrial Contractions that are so rapid that they Prevent Repolarization of Myocardial Fibers between Heartbeats.
Term
Automaticity:
 Definition
A Property of Specialized Excitable Tissue in the Hart that Allows Self-Activation through the Spontaneous Development of an Action Potential, such as in the Pacemaker Cells of the Heart.
Term
Chronotropic Drugs:
 Definition
Drugs that Influence the Rate of the Heartbeat.
Term
Dromotropic Drugs:
 Definition
Drugs that Influence the Conduction of Electrical Impulses within Tissues.
Term
Ejection Fraction:
 Definition
The Proportion of Blood that is Ejected during each Ventricular Contraction compared with that Total Ventricular Filling Volume.
Term
Heart Failure:
 Definition
An Abnormal Condition in which the Heart can Not Pump through enough Blood to Keep Us with the Body's Demand. It is often the result of the myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.
Term
Inotropic Drugs:
 Definition
Drugs that Influence the force of muscular contractions, particularly contraction of the Heart Muscle.
Term
Left Ventricle End-Diastolic Volume:
 Definition
The Total Amount of Blood in the Ventricles, immediately before it contracts or the Preload.
Term
Refractory Period:
 Definition
The period during which a Pulse Generator (e.g., the sinoatrial node of the Heart) is unresponsive to an Electrical Input Signals, and during which it is impossible for the Myocardium to respond. This is the period during which the Cardiac Cell's is reassuring its reassuring its sodium and potassium levels and cannot be Depolarized Again.
Term
Anticoagulant:
 Definition
Substances that Prevent or Delay Coagulation of the Blood.
Term
Antifibrinolytic Drugs:
 Definition
Drugs that Prevent the Lydia of Fibrin and in doing so Promote Clot Formation.
Term
Antiplatelet Drugs:
 Definition
Substances that Prevent Platelet Plugs from Forming.
Term
Antithrombin III:
 Definition
A substance that Inactivates ("Turns Off") three major Activating Factors of the Clotting Cascade: activated factor II (Thrombin), activated factor X, and activated factor OF.
Term
Clot:
 Definition
Insoluble Solid Elements of Blood (e.g., cells, fibrin threads) that have Chemically Separated from the Liquid (Plasma) components of the Blood.
Term
Coagulation:
 Definition
The process of blood clotting. More Specifically, the Sequential Process by which the Multiple Coagulation factors of the Blood Interact in the Coagulation Cascade, Ultimately forming an Insoluble Fibrin Clot.
Term
Coagulation Cascade:
 Definition
The Series of Steps beginning with the Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathways of Coagulation and Proceeding through the Formation of a Fibrin Clot.
Term
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT):
 Definition
The Formation of Thrombus in one of the Deep Veins of the Body. The Deep Veins Most commonly affected are the Iliac and Femoral Veins.
Term
Embolus:
 Definition
A Blood Clot (thrombosis) that has been Dislodged from the Wall of a Blood Vessel and is Traveling throughout the Bloodstream. Embolism that Lodge in Critical Blood Vessels can result in Ischemic Injury to a Vital Organ (e.g., heart, lung, brain and results in disability or death.
Term
Enzyme:
 Definition
A Protein that Catalyzed Chemical Reactions of other Substances without being Altered or Destroyed in the Process.
Term
Fibrin:
 Definition
A Stringy, Insoluble Protien produced by the action of Thrombin on Fibrinogen during the Clotting Process; a Major Component of Blood Clots or Thrombi.
Term
Fibrin Specificity:
 Definition
The Property of some Thrombolytic Drugs of Activating the conversion of Plasminogen to Plasmon, only in the Presence of Established clots having Fibrin Threads rather than inducing Systemic Plasminogen Activation throughout the Body.
Term
Fibronogen:
 Definition
A Plasma Protein that is Converted into Fibrin by Thrombin i
Term
Fibrinolysis:
 Definition
The Continued Process of Fibrin Decomposition produced by the Actions of the Enzymatic Protein Fibrinolysis. It is the Normal Mechanism for Removing Small Fibrin Clots and is Stimulated by Anoxia Inflammatory Reactions, and other kinds of stress.
Term
Fibrinolysis System:
 Definition
An area of the circulatory system, undergoing Fibrinolysis.
Term
Hemophilia:
 Definition
A rare, inherited Blood Disorder in which the Blood does Not Clot Normally.
Term
Hemorheologic Drugs:
 Definition
Drugs that Alter the Function of Platelets without comprising their Blood-Clotting Properties.
Term
Hemostasis:
 Definition
The Arrest of Bleeding, either by the physiologic properties of Vasoconstriction and Coagulation or by Mechanical, Surgical, or Pharmacologic means.
Term
Hemostatic:
 Definition
Referring to any procedure, device, or substance that arrests the flow of Blood.
Term
Plasmin:
 Definition
The enzymatic protein that breaks down fibrin into Fibrin degradation products; it is derived from Plasminogen.
Term
Plasminogen:
 Definition
A plasma protein that is Converted to Plasmin
Term
Pulmonary Embolism:
 Definition
The Blockage of a Pulmonary Artery by Foreign Matter such as fat, air, a tumor, or a Thrombus which usually arises from a Peripheral vein.
Term
Stroke:
 Definition
Occlusion of the Blood Vessels of the Brain, by an Embolus, Thrombus, or Cerebrovascular Hemorrhage, resulting in Ischemia of the Brain Tissue.
Term
Thromboembolic Events:
 Definition
Events in which a Blood Vessel is Blocked by an Embolus Carried in the Bloodstream from the Site of its Formation. The Tissue Supplied by an Obstructed Artery, may tingle and become cold, numb, cyanotic, and Eventually Necrotic (dead).
Term
Thrombolytic Drugs:
 Definition
Drugs that Dissolve Thrombi by Functioning Similarly to Tissue Plasminogen Activator.
Term
Thrombus:
 Definition
The technical term for a blood clot (plural: Thrombi): an aggregation of Platelets, Fibrin, Clotting Factors, and the Cellular Elements of the Blood that is attached to the Interior Wall of a Vein or Artery, sometimes Occluding the Vessel Lumen.
Term
Tissue Plasminogen Activator:
 Definition
A Naturally Occuring Plasminogen Activator Secreted by Vascular Endothelial Cells in the Walls of the Blood Vessels. Thrombolytic drugs are Based in this Blood Component.
Term
Antilipemic Drugs:
 Definition
Drugs that Reduce Lipid Levels.
Term
Apolipoproteins:
 Definition
The Protein Components of Lipoproteins.
Term
Cholesterol:
 Definition
A fat-soluble steroid, found in Animal Fats, Oils, and Egg Yolks and Widely Distributed in the body, especially in the Bile, Blood, Brain Tissue, Liver, Kidneys, Adrenal Glands, and Myelin Sheaths of Nerve Fiber.
Term
Chylomicrons:
 Definition
Microscopic Droplets made up of Fat and Protein that are Produced by Cells in the Small Intestine and Released into the Bloodstream. Their Main Purpose is to Carry Fats to the Tissues throughout the body, primarily in the Liver. Chylomicrons consist of about 90% Triglycerides and Small Amounts of Cholesterol, Phospholipids, and Proteins.
Term
Exogenous Lipids:
 Definition
Lipids Originating Outside the Body or an Organ (e.g., Dietary Fats).
Term
Foam Cells:
 Definition
The Characteristic Initial Lesion of Atherosclerosis, also known as a Fatty Streak.
Term
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) Reductase Inhibitors:
 Definition
A Class of Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs that Work By, Inhibiting the Rate-Limiting Step in Cholesterol Synthesis; also Commonly Referred to as Statins.
Term
Hypercholesterolemia:
 Definition
A Condition in which Higher than Normal Amounts of Cholesterol are Present in the Blood. High Levels of Cholesterol and other Lipids may Lead to the Development of Atherosclerosis and Serious Illnesses such as Coronary Heart Disease.
Term
Lipoprotein:
 Definition
A Conjugated Protein Synthesized in the Liver that Contains Varying Amounts of Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Phospholipids, and Proteins; Classified According to its composition and density.
Term
Statin:
 Definition
A Class of Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs, that are More Formally Known as HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors.
Term
Triglycerides:
 Definition
Compounds that consist of Fatty Acids and a Type of Alcohol known as Glycerol. Triglycerides makeup Most Animal and Vegetable Fats, and are the Princicpal Lipids in the Blood, where they Circulate Bound to a Protein, Forming High-Density and Low-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs & LDLs).
Term
Afferent Arterioles:
 Definition
The Small Blood Vessels Approaching the Glomerulus Proximal Part of the Nephron.
Term
Aldosterone:
 Definition
A Mineralocorticoid Steroid Hormone Produced by the Adrenal Cortex that Regulates Sodium and Water Balance.
Term
Ascites:
 Definition
Intraperitoneal Accumulation of Fluid (defined as a Volume of 500mL or More) Containing Large Amounts of Protein and Electrolytes.
Term
Collecting Duct:
 Definition
The Most Distal Part of the Nephron between the Distal Convoluted Tubules and the Ureters, which Lead to the Urinary Bladder.
Term
Distal Convoluted Tubule:
 Definition
The Part of the Nephron Immediately Distal to the Ascending Loop of Henle and Proximal to the Collecting Duct.
Term
Diuretics:
 Definition
Drugs or other Substances that Tend to Promote the Formation and Excretion of Urine.
Term
Efferent Arterioles:
 Definition
The Small Blood Vessels exiting the Glomerulus. At this Point, Blood has Completed its Filtration in the Glomerulus.
Term
Filtrate:
 Definition
The Material that Passes through a Filter. In the Case of the Kidney, the Filter is the Glomerulus and the Filtrate is the Material Extracted from the Blood (normally liquid) that Becomes Urine.
Term
Glomerulus Capsule:
 Definition
The Open, Rounded, and Most Proximal Part of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule that Surrounds the Glomerulus and Receives the Filtrate from the Blood.
Term
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR):
 Definition
An Estimate of the Volume of Blood that Passes Through the Glomeruli of the Kidney per Minute.
Term
Glomerulus:
 Definition
The Cluster of Kidney Capillaries, that marks the Beginning of the Nephron and is Immediately Proximal to the Proximal Convoluted Tubules.
Term
Loop of Henle:
 Definition
The Part of the Nephron between the Proximal and Distal Convoluted Tubules.
Term
Nephron:
 Definition
The Functional Filtration Unit of the Kidney: Consisting of (in anatomic order from Proximal to Distal): the Glomerulus, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, and Approximately 1 Million Nephrons in each Kidney.
Term
Open Angle Glaucoma:
 Definition
A Condition in which Pressure is Elevated in the Eye, because of Obstruction of the Outflow of Aqueous Humor.
Term
Proximal Convoluted (twisted) Tubule:
 Definition
The Part of the Nephron that is Immediately Distal to the Glomerulus and Proximal to the Loop of Henle.
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