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interest groups
38
Political Studies
Undergraduate 2
11/17/2012

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Term
interest groups
Definition
group of citizens who share a common interest- a political opinion, religious, or ideological belief, social goal, or economic characteristic- and try to influence public policy to benefit themselves
Term
proactive group
Definition
group that forms when an enterprising individual sees an opening or opportunity to create the group for social, political, or economic purposes
Term
reactive group
Definition
group that forms in response to a perceived threat from another group, or to fight a government policy those who join believe will adversely affect them, or in response to an unexpected external event.
Term
right of association
Definition
right to freely associate with others and from groups, protected by the first amendment
Term
faction
Definition
defined by Madison as any group that places its own interests above the aggregate interests of society
Term
right of petition
Definition
right to ask the government for assistance with a problem or to express opposition to a government policy, protected by the first amendment
Term
lobbying
Definition
act of trying to persuade elected officials to adopt a specific policy change, or maintain the status quo
Term
grassroots movement
Definition
group that forms in response to an economic or political event, but does not focus on only one issue
Term
amicus curiae briefs
Definition
briefs filed by outside parties (friends of the court) who have an interest in the outcome of a case
Term
economic interest group
Definition
group formed to advance the economic status of its members
Term
trade association
Definition
interst groups that represent firms that share a common economic perspective
Term
professional associations
Definition
interest groups that represent individuals who share similar jobs
Term
unions
Definition
interest groups of individuals who share a common type of employment and seek better wages and working conditions through collective bargaining with employers
Term
national labor relations act
Definition
established a federal role in monitoring and protecting working conditions, and intervening in disputes between workers and management
Term
ideological interest groups
Definition
groups that form among citizens with the same belief about a specific issue
Term
citizen's groups
Definition
groups that form to draw attention to purely public issues that affect all citizens equally
Term
single-issue groups
Definition
groups that form to present one view on a highly salient issue that is intensely important to their members, such as gun control or abortion
Term
polarization
Definition
condition in which differences between parties and/or the public are so stark that disagreement breaks out, fueling attacks and controversy
Term
foreign policy groups
Definition
groups founded to create support for favorable US policies toward one or several foreign countries
Term
watchdog
Definition
role of monitoring government actions
Term
501(c)(3) organizations
Definition
tax-exempt groups that are prohibited from lobbying or campaigning for a party or candidate
Term
political action committees (PACS)
Definition
groups formed to raise and contribute funds to support electoral candidates, subject to campaign finance laws
Term
issue advocacy
Definition
sponsoring advertisements (issue ads)_ or distributing literature on a policy issue, rather than a specific candidate
Term
pluralist
Definition
view of democratic society in which interest groups comete over policy goals and elected officials are mediators of group conflict
Term
special interests
Definition
set of groups seeking a particular benefit for themselves in the policy process
Term
elitist
Definition
view of democratic society in which only a select few interest groups shape policies in favor of a small group of wealthy or powerful citizens
Term
iron triangle
Definition
insular and closed relationship among interest groups, member of Congress, and federal agencies
Term
issue network
Definition
view of the relationship among interest groups, members of congress, and federal agencies as more fluid, open, and transparent than the term iron triangle
Term
revolving door
Definition
movement of members of congress, lobbyists, and executive branch employees into paid positions in each other's organizations
Term
intrest group entrepreneurs
Definition
individuals who expend their own time, energy, and resources to form an interest group
Term
iron law of oligarchy
Definition
a theory that in any organization, the leaders eventually behave in their own self-interest, even at the expense of the rand-and-file members; the larger the organization, the greater the likelihood that the leader will behave this way
Term
selective benefits
Definition
benefits offered exclusively to members of an interest group
Term
material benefits
Definition
tangible benefits available only to members of a grip, such as discounts and monthly magazines
Term
solidarity benefits
Definition
benefits to members of a group that are intangible but come from interacting with people who share similar professional or personal interests
Term
expressive benefits
Definition
benefits to interest group members of having a specific opinion expressed in the larger social or political sphere
Term
public goods
Definition
goods or benefits provided by government from which everyone benefits and from which no one can be excluded
Term
free rider problem
Definition
problem faced by interest groups when a collective benefit they provide is so widespread and diffuse that members and nonmembers alike receive it, reducing the incentive for joining the interest group
Term
green card
Definition
permanent resident card issued to those immigrants who are eligible
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