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| communication- water, food, etc. |
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| need for companionship, affection, relaxation, and escape |
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| comparing yourself with others helps us form our identity. communication with those around us |
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| peoples morals and notions about right and wrong. the meaning of life. |
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practical, everyday needs
ex. ordering a drink, scheduling an appointment |
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| a pathway through which messages are conveyed |
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| verbal and non-verbal elements of communication to which people give meaning |
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signals about the nature of the relationship that people share.
ex. inside jokes |
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| literal information communicated by a message |
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| a code of morality or a set of ideals about what is right and wrong |
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rules that have been clearly defined
ex. Mean girls, you have to wear you hair a certain way, wear certain clothes, etc. |
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rules that are implied but not clearly stated
ex. Elevator etiquette |
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| the learned, shared symbols, language, values and norms that distinguish one group of people from another |
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| people with whom we identify |
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| people with whom we DO NOT identify |
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groups who share values, customs, norms, and mutual interests
ex. frats/ sororities |
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| 2. individualistic culture |
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Definition
peoples primary responsibility is to themselves
ex. usa, Britain |
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peoples primary responsibility is to their families and communities
ex. korea |
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verbal communication should often be indirect (non-verbal cues)
ex. native americans |
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verbal communication should be straightforward "say what you mean and mean what you say"
ex. america |
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| 2. high power distance culture |
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Definition
concentration of power in certain groups
ex. monarchy, ruling class |
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| 2. low power distance culture |
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basic equality of all people
ex. usa |
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| the understanding of who you are. sometimes based on impressions and not facts |
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| 3. open- the johari window |
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Definition
| known to others and known to self. |
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| 3. blind- the johari window |
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| known to others but unknown to self. |
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| 3. hidden- the johari window |
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| known to self, unknown to others |
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| 3. unknown- the johari window |
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| aware of others, adaptable to how you act and sound and how it affects others |
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| less aware of others, more relaxed doesn't change behaviors to suit people/situations |
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| your selective evaluation of your value and worth |
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| each of us has a public image we wish to maintain |
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| the act of intentionally giving others information about ourselves that we believe to be true, but we think they do not already know |
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attending to the stimulus
affected by:
-how unusual or expected it is
-frequency/exposure
-intensity |
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| the process of categorizing information thats been selected for attention |
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| assigning meaning to the information |
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| apperance: age, ethnicity, body type, and height |
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| social or professional position |
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| 4. interaction constructs |
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Definition
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| 4. psychological constructs |
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| people's thought and feelings |
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identifying a group we believe someone belongs to
- requires generalization |
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| the 1st impression of someone overshadows our later impression of the person |
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| our most recent impressions of someone affect our perception of that person the most. |
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| attributing success to internal causes and failure to external causes |
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| 4. fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
another's behaviors are internal rather than external
ex. it is their fault |
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a structured system of symbols for communicating meaning.
-words represent objects but do not constitute theme
-has layers of meaning |
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| the pronunciation of a word |
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ordering of words in a phrase
-not every language uses this |
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| meaning of individual words |
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| implications or interpretations of statements |
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| dictionary definition, literal meaning |
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words that convey strong neg/pos connotation
ex. 911, cancer |
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| 5. linguistic determinism |
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Definition
| the structure of language determines how we think |
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| people see the world differently because they speak different languages |
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| defamatory statement made in print |
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| defamatory statement spoken |
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| 6. non-verbal communication |
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| conveys more information than verbal. believed over verbal our PRIMARY means of expressing emotion |
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Definition
communicate more than any other part on the face
-eye contact can show:
honest, attraction, confidence, and intimidation |
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| a gesture with a direct verbal translation |
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| a gesture that enhances/clarifies a verbal message |
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| a gesture that communicates emotions |
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| control the flow of communication |
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a gesture used to satisfy a personal need
ex. scratching an itch |
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| the tendency to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people |
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| objects and visual features in an environment that reflect who we are and what we like |
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active process of making meaning out of another persons spoken message
-allows us to create meaning form what we hear
H-hearing (the perception of sound)
U- understanding (comprehending meaning)
R- remembering (storing information)
I- interpreting (assigning meaning)
E- evaluating (judging, evaluating, considering)
R- responding (an indication that your listening) |
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| 7. three misconceptions about listening |
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Definition
1. hearing is the same as listening
2. listening is natural and effortless
3. all listeners hear the same thing |
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| 7. informational listening |
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| listening to learn (buy from infomercials) |
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| listening to provide sympathy and comfort |
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anything that distracts you from listening
-physical- coughing
-psychological- interpersonal noise |
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to be polite.
using feedback behaviors to give the false impression that you are listening |
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listening to only points you want to hear
(individualistic societies) |
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| 7. informational overload |
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| being overwhelmed by the large amount of information you experience daily |
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Definition
| each of us is born with the drive to seek, form, maintain, and protect strong relationships. we need bonds that are interactive and emotionally close |
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describes why we are drawn to others. several factors can spark attraction
1. personal appearance
2. proximity- ppl always around us
3. similarity
4. complementarity- we like people who are different than us, only when benefit> costs |
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Term
| 8. uncertainity reduction theory |
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Definition
-people are motivated to reduce their uncertainty about others.
- why we initially interact with others
- people are nosy
- the more our uncertainty about someone is reduces, the more we like them
-we are motivated to reduce uncertainty by getting to know people |
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Term
| 8. predicted outcome value theory |
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Definition
when we first communicate with others, we try to predict if continued communication with them will be worth the effort
if it is, we pursue the relationship. if it is not, we do not pursue a relationship |
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Term
| 8. social exchange theory |
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Definition
| we seek to maintain relationships in which our benefits outweigh our costs |
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Term
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Definition
| we want relationships in which our ratio of benefits and costs is equal to our partners |
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Definition
| married partners with biological children |
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Definition
married or unmarried partners raising children who are not the biological offspring of both partners
(little miss sunshine- Dwayne has a diff father) |
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Definition
| where a single parent raises biological or non-biological offspring. |
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| 9. Roles- family members must negotiate |
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Definition
| little miss sunshine: the blamer (the mother), the peacemaker (olive), the computer (the dad), and the distracter (the uncle and grandpa). |
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| 9. Rituals- family members must negotiate |
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Definition
| repetitive behaviors that have special meaning. |
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| 9. Stories- family members must negotiate |
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Definition
| stories passed on from generation to generation |
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| 9. Secrets- family members must negotiate |
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Definition
| check book-things kept between just family? |
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Term
| 9. Denial- Manage dialectical tensions |
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Definition
| respond to only one side of the tension |
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| 9. Disorientation- Manage dialectical tensions |
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Definition
| become immobilized by the tension |
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| 9. Alternation- Manage dialectical tensions |
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Definition
| go back and forth between two sides of the tension |
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| 9. Segmentation- Manage dialectical tensions |
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Definition
| deal with one side in some aspects of relationship and other side in other aspects |
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| 9. Balance- Manage dialectical tensions |
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Definition
| find a middle ground between two sides of the tension |
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| 9. Integration- Manage dialectical tensions |
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Definition
| develop behaviors to satisfy both sides of tension at once |
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| 9. Recalibration- Manage dialectical tensions |
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Definition
| reframe the tension so the contradiction disappears |
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Term
| 9. Reaffirmation- Manage dialectical tensions |
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Definition
| embrace dialectical tensions as a normal part of life |
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