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| consists of genetic changes in population of organisms across generations |
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| process by which inherited characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently to future generations than those that do not |
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| accidental alterations that arise during DNA replication |
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| a trait that promotes success |
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| process of selection conducted under human direction |
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| refers to the sum total of all organisms in an area |
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| group of individuals of a particular species that live in a certain area |
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| particular type of organism |
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| process by which species are generated |
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| treelike diagrams that represent life's history |
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| an impring in stone of a dead organism |
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| cumalitive body of fossils worldwide |
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| five events that killed off massive numbers of species at a time |
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| study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment |
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| the species partition, or divide, the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways |
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| the process by which individuals of one species hunt, capture, kill, and consume individualsof another species |
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| relationship in which organism depends on another for nourishment or some other benefit while simultaneously doing the host harm |
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| common expoitative interactions which occurs when animals feed on the tissues of plants |
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| mutualistic relationship that occurs in close physical contact |
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| relationship in which interacting species benefit from one another |
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| an assemblage of species living in the same place at the same time. |
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| rank in the feeding hierarchy |
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| A species that has strong or wide-reaching impact far out of proportion to its abundance |
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| a predictable series of changes that communities undergo when affected by a disturbance |
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| follow a disturbance so severe that no vegetation or soil life remains from the community that occupied the site. A biotic community is built from scratch |
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| begins when a disturbance dramatically alters an exisitng community but does not destroy all life or organic matter |
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| Species that arrive first and colonize the new substrate |
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| non-native organism that can alter a community and is one of the central ecological forces in today's world |
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| restoring an environment to its original state |
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| a major regional complex of similar communites |
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| Temperate deciduous forest |
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| characterized by broad-leafed trees that are deciduous (lose their leaves in winter) |
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| arise when temperature differences between winter and summer become more extreme and rainfall diminishes |
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| heavy rainfall; tall trees grow and forest interior is shaded and damp |
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| characterized by year-round rain and uniformly warm temperatures |
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| warm year round, but rainfall is lower overall and highly seasonal |
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| drier tropical region; precipitation arrives in distinct rainy seasons |
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| waterfall is very sparse; hot |
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| Dry; cold; little daylight |
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| cooler, drier regions; breif intenstly productive summers |
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| evergreen shrubs; highly seasonal (mild wet winters, warm wet summers) |
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| Impact on environment = population x affluence x technology |
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| social science that applies the principles of population ecology to the study of statistical change in human populations |
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| model of economic and cultural change |
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| practice of raising crops and livestock for human consumption |
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| relies on human and animal muscle power along with hand tools and simple machine |
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| industrialized agriculture |
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| uses large scale mechanization and fossil fuel combustion; irrigation and synthetic fertilizers are also used |
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| plant supporting system consisting of disintegrated rock, organic matter, water, gases, nutrients, and microorganisms |
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| base geological material in a particular location |
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| the continous mass of solid rock that makes up Earth's crust |
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| the physical, chemical, and biological processes that turn large rock particles into smaller particles |
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| cross-section as a whole of soil |
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| the process whereby solid particles suspended or dissolved in liquid are transported to another location. |
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| consists mostly of inorganic mineral components such as weathered substrate, with organic matter and humus from above mixed in |
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| a loss of more than 10% productivity due to erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, overgrazing, drought, salinization, climate change, depletion of water sources. |
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| The event in which millions of tons of top soil in the Great Plains blew away. |
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| farmers alternate the type of crop grown in a given filed from one season to the next |
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| consists of plowing furrows sideways across a hillside, perpendicular to its slop and following the natural contours of the land |
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| farmers cut level platforms into steep hillsides to contain water from irrigation and precipitation |
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| planting different types of crops in alternating bands or other spatially mixed arrangments |
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| rows of trees or other tall, perennial plants that are planted along the edges of fields to slow wind |
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| artificial provision of water to support agriculture |
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| occures when roots are saturated, and deprived of gases and suffocated |
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| the buildup of surface salts in surface layers |
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| any of various substances that contain essential nutrients |
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| mined or synthetically manufactured mineral supplements |
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| consist of the remains or wastes of organisms and include animal manure, crop residues, fresh vegetation, and compost |
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| when too many animals eat too much of the plant cover, impeding plant regrowth and preventing replacement |
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| guarantee of an adequate and reliable food supply available to all people at all times |
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| uniform planting of a single crop |
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| a movement of using mechanization and efficient crops to increase crop outputs |
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| poisons that target pest organisms |
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| battling pests with organisms that eat of infect them |
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| integrated pest management |
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| numerous techniques are integrated, including biocontrol, use of chemicals, close monitoring of populations, habitat alteration, crop rotation, transgenic crops, alternative tillage methods, mechanical pest removal |
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| process by which male sex cells of a plant fertilize female sex cells of a plant |
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| any process whereby scientists directly manipulate an organism's genetic material in the laboratory by changing the DNA |
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| organisms that have been genetically engineered using recombinant DNA |
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| material application of biological science to create products derived for organisms |
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| one should not undertake a new action until the ramifications are well understood |
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| raising fish and shellfish in controlled environments |
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| farming and ranching that does not deplete soils faster than they form and maintains clean water |
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| use no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides |
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