Term
| Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| • Commonly called allergies and the antigens that stimulate them are called allergens |
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Term
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Definition
| an upper respiratory tract response, type 1 hypersensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by inhaled allergens that reach the lungs. Type 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Local dermatitis due to release of histamine and other mediators into nearby skin tissue and the leakage of serum from local blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
contain a mixture of potent Inflammatory
Chemicals (mostly histamine) |
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Term
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Definition
| • Characteristic feature is a cytoplasm filled with large granules |
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Term
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Definition
| Leukocytes that contain granules that stain with basophilic dyes |
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Term
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Definition
| Leukocytes that contain granules that stain with the dye eosin |
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Term
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Definition
| reactions are usually mild and localized |
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Term
| Degranulation of many mast cells at once |
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Definition
| causes the release of large amounts of histamine and inflammatory mediators . Acute anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock can result |
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Term
| Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| Results when cells are destroyed by an immune response, often due to the combined activities of complement and antibodies (IgM and IgG) |
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Term
| 2 significant examples of type 2 |
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Definition
| – Destruction of blood cells following an incompatible blood transfusion– Destruction of fetal red blood cells in hemolytic disease of new born |
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Term
| Type III (Immune-Complex Mediated) Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| • Due to the formation of antigen-antibody complexes, also called immune-complexes, cleaned up by phagocytes |
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Term
| • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
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Definition
• Farmer’s lung
• Pigeon fancier’s disease
• Librarian’s lung |
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Term
| Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
– Tuberculin response
– Allergic contact dermatitis
– Graft rejection |
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Term
| Categories of Autoimmune Disease |
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Definition
– Single tissue diseases
– Systemic diseases |
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Term
| Allergic Contact Dermatitis |
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Definition
• A cell-mediated immune response resulting in an intensely irritating skin rash
• Response triggered by chemically modified skin proteins that the body regards as foreign |
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Term
Type IV-Mediated Diseases:
Graft Rejection |
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Definition
• Rejection of tissues or organs that have been transplanted
• Grafts perceived as foreign by the recipient undergo rejection |
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Term
| Donor-Recipient Matching and Tissue Typing |
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Definition
| • MHC compatibility between donor and recipient can be hard to achieve due to a high degree of variability among individuals |
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Term
| Donor-Recipient Matching and Tissue Typing |
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Definition
| • Tissue typing used to match donor and recipient as closely as possible when a closely related donor is not available |
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Term
| Theories to Explain the Etiology of Autoimmunity |
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Definition
• Estrogen may stimulate the destruction of tissues by cytotoxic T cells
• Some maternal cells may cross the placenta, colonize the fetus (especially a female), and trigger autoimmune disease later in her life |
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Term
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Definition
• T cell may encounter self-antigens that are normally “hidden” in sites where T cells rarely go
• Infections with a variety of microorganisms may trigger autoimmunity as a result of molecular mimicry |
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Term
| Single Tissue Autoimmune Disease |
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Definition
• Can commonly affect various tissues
– Blood cells
– Endocrine glands
– Nervous tissue |
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Term
| Autoimmunity Affecting Blood Cells |
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Definition
| • Production of autoantibodies to red blood cells resulting in hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| Autoimmunity Affecting Endocrine Organs |
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Definition
– Thyroid gland
• Can cause Grave’s disease
• Autoantibodies bind and stimulate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R) on the thyroid
• Stimulated cells produce excessive amounts of T3 and T4 |
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