Term
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Definition
| The various substances and energy sources we need to survive |
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Term
| Renewable natural resources |
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Definition
| Natural resources that are replenished over short periods |
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Term
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Definition
| Resources, such as mineral ores or crude oil, that are in finite supply and are formed much more slowly than we use them. |
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Definition
| Includes all living and nonliving things around us with which we interact |
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Definition
| Transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural way of life |
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Definition
| Shift from rural life, animal-powered agriculture, and manufacturing by craftsmen to an urban society powered by fossil fuels |
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Definition
| nonrenewable resources such as oil, coal, and natural gas |
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Definition
| British economist that claimed that unless population growth was controlled, it would grow past the amount the earth could sustain. His best known work is An Essay on the Priciple of Populations |
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Definition
| Wrote "the tragedy of the commons"; suggested that managing resources only for self-interest is not good for the public interest |
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Definition
| Expresses the environmental impact of an individual or population in terms of the cumulative amount of biologically productive land and later required to provide the raw materials the person or population consumes and to dispose of or recycle the waste the person or population produces |
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Definition
| Using resourves faster than they are replinished. |
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Term
| Environmental science is an ______________ field. |
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Definition
| Interdisciplinary; borrows techniques from numerous disciplines |
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Term
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Definition
| disciplines that study the natural world |
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Term
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Definition
| discplines that study human interaction and institutions |
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Definition
| Programs that include social sciences as well as the natural science |
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Definition
| social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world |
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Definition
| social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic process for learning about hte world and testing our understanding of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| types of research in which scientists gather basic information about organisms materials or processes that are not well known |
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Term
| Hypothesis-driven science |
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Definition
| research that proceeds in a more structured manner, using experiements to test hypothesis within a framework traditionally known as the scientific method |
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Term
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Definition
| statement that attempts to explain an phenomenon or answer a scientfic that attempts to explain a phenomenon or answer a scientific question |
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Term
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Definition
| statement that attempts to explain an phenomenon or answer a scientfic that attempts to explain a phenomenon or answer a scientific question |
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Definition
| a widely accepted explanation of one or more cause-and-effect relationship that has been extensively tested with a great amount of research |
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Definition
| A branch of philosophy that involves the study of good and bad, of right and wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| ethicists that do and should vary with social context |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethicists maintaining that there exist objective notions of right and wrong that hold across cultures and situations |
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Term
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Definition
| criteria that help differentiate between right and wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| The application of ethical standards to relationships between humans and nonhuman entities |
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Term
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Definition
| a human-centered view of our relationship with the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| ascribes value to certain living things or the the biotic realm in general |
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Definition
| judges actions in terms of their effects on the whole ecological system |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with the preservation ethic |
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Term
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Definition
| holds that we should protect our environment in a pristine, unaltered state |
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Term
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Definition
| founded the US Forest Service with Theodore Roosevelt; associated with the conservation ethic |
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Term
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Definition
| hold that people should put natural resources to use but that we should use them in a responsible way |
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Term
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Definition
| known for "The Land Ethic" |
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Term
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Definition
| living within out planet's means such that Earth and its resources can sustain us |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth's accumulated wealth of resources |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of resources in a manner that satisfies our current nees but doesn't compromise the future availabilty of resources |
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Definition
| The study of how people decide to use scarce resources to provide goods and services in the face of demand for them |
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Term
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Definition
| people meet most or all of needs directly from nature and do not purchase or trade for necessity |
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Term
| Capitalist Market Economy |
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Definition
| Buyers and sellers interact to determine goods and services to produce, and how to distribute them |
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Term
| Centrally Planned Economy |
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Definition
| government determines in a top-down manner how to allocate resources |
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Term
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Definition
| a hybrid between socialist and capitalist economies |
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Definition
| Essential processes that support the life that makes our economic activity possible |
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Definition
| Father of classical economics |
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Term
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Definition
| Economists total up estimated costs for a proposed action and compare these to the sum of benefits estimated to result from the action |
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Term
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Definition
| values not usually included in the price of a good or service |
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Term
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Definition
| wrote Silent Spring, the first science book written in laymen's terms |
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Term
| National Environmental Policy Agency |
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Definition
| created an agency called Council on Environmental Qualities and required that an environmental impact statement be prepared for major federal actions |
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Term
| Environmental Impact Statement |
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Definition
| report of results from studies that assess the potential impacts on the environment that would likely result from the development projects |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of having low levels of dissolved oxygen in water |
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Term
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Definition
| network of relationships among components that interact with and influence each other through transfer of energy, matter of information |
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Term
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Definition
| When a system's output serves as an input in the same system |
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Term
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Definition
| Input and output neutralize each other and stablize the system |
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Term
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Definition
| Instead of stabilizing the system, the input and output drives the system to the extreme |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the rock and soil in the earth's upper most layers |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of the air around our planet |
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Definition
| Encompasses all the water on Earth, in all forms |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of nutrient overenrichement, blooms of algae, increased production of organic matter, and subsequent ecosystem degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| all material that has mass and takes up space |
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Term
| Law of conservation of Matter |
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Definition
| Matter cannot be created or destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substance with a given set of properties that cannot be broken down into another substance |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms with differing numbers of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| consist solely of atoms of carbon and hudrogen; make up the fossil fuels |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of long chains of organic molecules called amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct the production of proteins; DNA and RNA carry hereditary information for organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Regions of DNA coding for particular proteins that perform particular functions |
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Term
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Definition
| include simple sugars that are three to seven carbon atoms long |
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Term
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Definition
| chemically diverse group of compounds, classified together because they do not dissolve in water. Includes fats and oils, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids |
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Term
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Definition
| an intangible phenomenon that can change the position, physical composition, or temperature of matter |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| potential energy that is held in the bonds between atoms |
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Definition
| green plants that turn light energy intto ehemical energy through photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H20 + the sunlight's energy = C2H12O6 (sugar) + 602 |
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Term
| Cellular Respiration Equation |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 602 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy |
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Term
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Definition
| consumers; organisms that gain their energy by feeding on other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of all organisms and non living entities that occur and interact in a particular area |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy that remains after respiration is used to generate biomass |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in ecosystems whose producers convert solar energy to biomass rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients move through ecosystems in these cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| process of convertin ammonium ions first into nitrite ions then to nitrate ions |
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Term
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Definition
| can be accomplished in two ways: by the intense energy of lightning strikes, or when air in the top layer of soil comes in contact with nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which inherited characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on more frquently to future generations than those that do not, thus altering the genetic makeup of populations through time |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of genetic change in populations of organisms across generations |
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Term
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Definition
| A trait that promotes sucess |
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Term
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Definition
| Accidental alteration that arise during DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of selection conducted under human direction |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the sum total of all organisms in an area, taking into account the diversity of species, their genes, their populations, and their communities |
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Term
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Definition
| group of individuals of a particular species that live in the same area |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular type of organism or a populatin whoe members share certain traits and can freely breed with one another and produce fertile offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which new species are generated |
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Term
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Definition
| branching, treelike diagrams that represent life's history |
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Term
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Definition
| impring in stone of the dead organism |
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Term
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Definition
| The cumulative body of fossils worldwide |
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Term
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Definition
| have occured at widely spaced intervals in Earth history and have wiped out half to 95% of our planet's species each time |
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Term
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Definition
| study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| cumulative total of living things on Earth and the areas they inhabit |
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Term
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Definition
| investigates quantitative dynamics of how individuals within a species interact |
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Definition
| focuses on interactions within species |
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Term
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Definition
| reflects a species use of resources and its functional role in a community |
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Term
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Definition
| Species with narrow breadth and specific requirements for survival |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms with broad tolerances, able to use a wide array of habitats |
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Definition
| describes the number of individuals within a population per unit area |
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Definition
| describes the spatial arrangement of organisms with an area |
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Term
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Definition
| calculate the birth rate plus the immigration rate, minus the death rate |
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Term
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Definition
| When a population increases by a fixed percentage each year |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical, chemical, and biological on characteristics of the environment that retrains population growth |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum population size of a species that a given environment can sustain |
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Term
| Random Population Density |
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Definition
| haphazardly located; means the nutrient population is high |
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Term
| Uniform Population Distribution |
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Definition
| evenly spaced due to territoriality |
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Term
| Clumped population distribution |
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Definition
| arranged according to availability of resources or to avoid predators |
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Term
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Definition
| demographic groups according to age and sex |
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Term
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Definition
| species with long gestation periods like humans or elephants |
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Term
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Definition
| species with short gestation periods like flies or cockroaches |
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Term
| PRT (Population recourse technology) |
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Definition
| Relationship between technology and birth rate |
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