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| originally a greek school of medicine that stressed the importance of observation, and now generally used to describe any attempt to acquire knowledge by observing objects or events |
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| a set of rules and techniques for observation that allow researchers to avoid the illusions, mistakes, and erroneous conclusions that simp observation can produce |
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| a description of an abstract property in terms of a concrete condition that can be measured |
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| a device that can detect the measurable events to which an operational definition refers |
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| a device that measures muscle contractions under the surface of a person's skin |
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| the characteristic of an observation that allows one to draw accurate inferences from it |
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| the tendency for a measure to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing |
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| the tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things |
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| a method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual |
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| the complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured |
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| the partial collection of people who were actually measured in a study |
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| those aspects of an observable setting that cause people to behave as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave |
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| a method of gathering specific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments |
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| an observation whose true purpose is hidden from the researcher as well as from the participant |
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| the "co-relationship" or pattern of covariation between two variables, each of which has been measured several times |
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| a property whose value can vary or change |
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| third-variable correlation |
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| the fact that two variables may be correlated only because they are both caused by a third variable |
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| an observational technique that involves matching the average of the participants in the experimental and control groups in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable |
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| an observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable |
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| the fact that the causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-variable correlation |
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| a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables |
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| the vairbale that is manipulated in an experiment |
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| one of the two groups of participants created by the manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment the experimental group is exposed to the stimulus being studied and the control group is not |
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| one of the two groups of participants created by the manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment that is not exposed to the stimulus being studied |
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| the variable that is measured in a study |
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| the characteristic of an experiment that allows one to draw accurate inferences about the casual relationship between an independent and dependent variable |
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| a characteristic of an experiment in which the independent and dependent variables are operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way |
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| a hypothetical account of how and why a phenomenon occurs, usually in the form of a statement about the causal relationship tween two or more properties; theories lead to hypotheses |
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| a specific and testable prediction that is usually derived from a theory |
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| a technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample |
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| a written agreement to participate in a study made by a person who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail |
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| a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study that psychologists provide to people after they have participated in the study |
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