Term
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Definition
| a movement in thought from certain statements taken to be true |
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Term
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Definition
reasoning from examined case to unexamined case.
A1 is a B
A2 is a B
A3 is a B
So, probably the next A we encounter (A4)will also be a B
-they are not truth-preserving
-observe two things to be associated with the past and conclue that they will be associated the next time one of them comes up.
example-
I find many green stones which are analyzed and turn out to be emeralds. When I find my 8th green stone, I infer that tit's an emerald |
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Term
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Definition
inference to the best explanation
it is reasonable to believe that p is true because if iut were true, it would explain other propositions.
goes beyond the premises.
we have certain data that needs to be explained.
why is such and such the case?
example-
The best explanation of puddles is recent rain. |
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Term
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Definition
correct premises are followed with a correct conclusion.
Statement 1
statement 2
Therefore, P
-a statement needs to be supported as true.
example-
all men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
All fish swim
All sharks are fish
Therefore, All sharks swim. |
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Term
| Notion of Validity for Deductive Arguments |
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Definition
the conclusion follows the premises
if one piece of reasoning is valid, any piece of reasoning in the same form is also valid.
the validity of an argument is based on form and structure and not the content (principle of form)
example-
All police have flat feet.
I'm a police.
Therefore, I have flat feet.
All fish can swim.
I'm a fish
Therefore, I can swim. |
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Term
| Nation of Soundess for Deductive Arguments |
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Definition
a piece of reasoning that is valid with true premises
if a piece of reasoning is unsound, it is valid but has a flase premise.
example-
valid and sound reasoning
if it rains i need an umbrella
it is rainingf
therefore, i need an umbrella.
unsound reasoning
all electrons are particles
all particles are brown.
therefore, all electrons are brown.
if an argument has two true premises and a false conclusion, it is invalid and unsound and not possible. |
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