Term
pulse pressure is influenced by these two things |
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Definition
| stroke volume and peripheral resistance |
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Term
| 3rd sound of the heart occurs during periods of rapid ventricular filling. When you are hearing is the blood rushing into the ventricle. In adults this is not normal but in children this is normal When you hear this in children this means the ventricle has been damaged what is the cause of the 3rd heart sound |
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Definition
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Term
| 85% of cancers arise here malignant. The malignancy is arising in the epithelial tissue. |
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Definition
| carcinoma Example: squamous cell carcinoma |
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Term
| A normal MI takes place where? |
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Definition
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Term
| A reasonable amount of force and pressure coming out of the ventricle. The force is damaging the endothelial linging ( inner most lining) of your blood vessels. The lining goes through constant repair process building up more plaque. And in order for inflammation to work we have to increase your BP what is this caused by |
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Definition
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Term
A spike T Wave means
A downward T wave means |
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Definition
hyperkalemia
downward: Askemia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| An enzyme we thought would be benefical to cardiologists but is not is known as? |
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Definition
| CPK. its kind of specfic to muscle of which is myocardial muscle but that is also skeletal muscle. we found that CPK is an enzyme but it has alot of isoenzymes. The isoenzyme that that is found mostly in the heart is CKMB. |
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Term
| As ventricles relax the pressure begins to fall and the pressure that we used to pump the blood out isnt there anymore so the blood starts to run backward! as this beins to happen the semi lunar valves ( which are constructed so that hey are cuspped) catch the blood and it closed them |
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Definition
| the second heart valve is split you are hearingthe aortic valve before the pulmonary valve |
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Term
| BP of 140/90 can also mean you are in what state |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| means put very little pressure and you can close that vessel completly which means either the ventricle is not pumping very hard or there is not alot of volume to pump |
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Term
| Blood pressure is always blood volume dependant true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Heart rate + Stroke volume = |
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Definition
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Term
| Individual with mi in the left ventricle and they also have necrosis of the intraventricular septum that is a very bad sgn because it means notonly do you have vessls that are occuled that feeding in your ventricle youve got vessels that are occuled that are feedingthe septum you also have fibrin there it is the weakest. What is this called what is the scenerio to this story |
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Definition
| what might happen is as you heal for three days youre going to blow a hold going from the left side of the heart into the right side of the heart. Now you have bigger complications because you;ve not only lost a chunk of muscle youre losing blood in the ventricle. Pulomary congestion!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
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Term
| Murmers are grade 1- 6 are they subjective |
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Definition
| yes category 1 you can barely make out any sounds 6 you can make out alot of sound you can hear the sound standing next to someone |
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Term
| Other risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease include |
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Definition
| ciagrettes, diabetes, obesity |
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Term
| Patient with a heart rate of 200 how is this cardiac output compromised? |
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Definition
| heart is beating enough but the kind of heart rate means that stroke volume is not there.... not filling uo before it contracts |
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Term
| People who have this contribute to cardivascular disease it damages the inner lining of the blood vessel. it takes longer for this type of damage to happen in non insulin dependanents |
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Definition
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Term
| Runs in athletes who collapse . When it takes the ventricle way to long to repolarize and depolarize. The gene we think that is correlated with this interval is related to schizophernia |
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Definition
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Term
| SGOT LDH tend to go up and go down differently later after we've had mi true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| St segment depression is correlated with |
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Definition
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Term
| The heart failed and the result of the heart failing to pump. If it can't pump blood the blood becomes congested ( not moving) What is this called |
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Definition
| Congestive heart failure. The location of the congestion depends on the ventricle. If we are talking about the left side of the heart we are referring to pulmonary congestion. if we are refering to the right ventricle the congestion will be systemic venous congestion. |
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Term
| There are two things that are problems with increase in cardiac enzymes that nurses run into they are? |
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Definition
one problem s finding enzymes that are unique to just the tissue that you are tryingto look at. Ex: finding enzymes that are only in cardiac tissue and no other tissue
Second problem is when you do measure these enzymes some are metabolized more quickly or more slowly than others |
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Term
| There is such thing as cancer of the heart true or false |
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Definition
| false cancer cells do not reproduce on the heart. heart cells cannot reproduce |
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Term
| This is if you hear a paradoxial split ( it is really split) on the 2nd heart sound . you are hearing the opposite of what you are suppose to be hearing. the pulmoary valve closed before the aortic. |
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Definition
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Term
| This represents the activation of the cardiac cycle from somewhere other than SA node |
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Definition
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Term
| Tissue grew and it shrank or it never grew. When there are less cells that make up the tissue then tissues and organs are smaller. Example: as you get older your tissue will shrink |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false CRP is a great way to screen pateints for MI? |
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Definition
| False, NO! CRP is a test to measure inflammation. It tell you that there is inflammation but gives you no idea as to where it is. It could be anywhere in the body! |
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Term
| Ventricular septum is found normally in children. Not because of the mi but because there born with it. IT IS THE MOST COMMON BIRTH DEFECT KDS ARE BORN WITH. True or FALSE |
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Definition
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Term
| WE say normally you have heart beat somewher between 60 and 100 in adults if you have a heart rate and it is less than 60 then you have? |
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Definition
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Term
| We eliminate MI or know they are coming or had by? |
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Definition
| A series of looking at a snapshot of troponin levels, CKMB levels. |
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Term
| What can cause a sudden stroke volume to be dropping? |
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Definition
| just had a heart attach leads to part of the muscle because vessels feeding hald the muscles are concluded with plaque muscle had been deprived of oxygen for more than 4 to 5 minutes and you only have half your ventricle left which is not enough to maintain stroke volume |
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Term
| What causes the t wave to repolarize more quickly is ? |
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Definition
| potassium this stops the ventricle from repolarixing if it cant re polarize that means it cant depolarize which means it doesnt beat |
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Term
| What do we call the noninvasive way to go about getting an idea about the electrical activity and them we male some interpretations about what that electrical actiity is causing that muscle to do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amount of blood that is normally pumped out of the l ventricle. it is a goodforceful bounding pulse causing the vessel to expand as it kick out this pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| When there is created turbulence this is also called |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would you hear pulmonic before aortic |
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Definition
| because it is stiff ( stinotic ) aortic valve. It is taking it longer to clsoe than the pulmonary valve. |
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Term
| You can get cancer of the heart in areas such as |
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Definition
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Term
| a MASSIVE heart attack means they have lost greater than 40% of their ventricle muscle all at once they have suffered from ? |
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Definition
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Term
a bad place
abnormalitiy in differentiation and proliferation. how they are growing and dividing is abnormal and not only havecells shifted over but how these cells are proliferated is abnormal |
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Definition
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Term
| a complete ventricle event What interval |
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Definition
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Term
| an infarction that goes all the way throught the myocardial tissue so it goes from the endocardium to the epicardium |
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Definition
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Term
| another contribution to the risk of cardiovascular disease and the damages within you bloodvessels |
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Definition
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Term
| artheroclerotic disease for wall tension means |
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Definition
| the greater the amount of tension that exists in the walls of the ventricles the more oxygen needed. |
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Term
| atheroclerotic disease effects four things |
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Definition
| rate, force, muscle, wall tension |
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Term
| away from something (beyond) and plasia: a place or form cell growth and division is different usually in response to some kind of insult (chronic yeast infection) ifyou withdraw this insult cells will go back to normal. This can mean were going back into a malignant stage |
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Definition
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Term
| being aware of your breathing. the way you become aware is change rate, volume, intensitiy of contraction, the force ofcontraction if you are aware of your heart beat you are having |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| bone, liver, and lungs are the most common places that this happens and where we will see this first |
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Definition
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Term
| cancer cells formed by the enzyme telomerase it regrows a tail cancer cells never die. True or False |
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Definition
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Term
| cancer cells have an enzyme called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| cancer invading- tumor spreading out in crab like fashion is called |
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Definition
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Term
| caused by a fibropurulent exudate, so as the heart is turnin in the pericardial sac you are hearingthat fibrious tussue rub? this is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| chest pain, lack of 02 causes pain ( muscles cramp) pain in the heart 100% dependant on oygen can not ocur oxygen debt ( other muscles can) |
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Definition
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Term
| cholesterol and triglycerides are the lipids that seem to have a relationship to cornary artery diease. Lipids are fats. Fat and water don't mix what disease |
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Definition
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Term
| correlated with theclosure ofthe av vlaves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nausea, vomiting sever chest pain, sweating. As little as 20% and some say as much as 60% of non fatal mi's are completly silent ( you never knew you had it) |
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Term
| difference between the diastolic an systolic pressure is? |
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Definition
| pulse pressure 105/90 pulse pressure is 15 |
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Term
| difficulty in breathing in the recumbent position( when you are lying down) this is a red flag for CV disease can be a sign or symptom |
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Definition
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Term
| dub is hear at the beginning of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| enzyme that tends to start going up rising about 4 to 6 hours after this patient has had their mi. It peaks at about 18 to 20 hours later and then it starts gradually going back to normal in about 2 to 3 days |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| greater 75% factors for developing include older adults who are african americans who are more suseptible than whites runs in the family, may be genetic or enviromental, females are immune to this until after menopause then it increases there chances. What disease |
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Definition
coronary atherosclerosis
Can even happen in young people and young female will die of this in the er because they will be ignored |
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Term
| hippcorates saw a tumor and it looked like it was speading out like the claws of a crab then it was called a karkinos this is where we get our word cancer from he called it oncos which is the word now known as |
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Definition
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Term
| if it is malignant and from supporting tissue the term you use |
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Definition
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Term
| if it is malignant and is supporting tissue we call this |
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Definition
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Term
| if there is a paradoxical increase in venous pressure with inspiration. it indicates ? |
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Definition
| there is probably that there is some kind of impariemtn in venous return to the right side of the heart. Ex: damage in the right side of the heart that is interfering with the ability of blood to flow in the right side of the heart and that impairment is probably that tou are not getting rid of 70 ml of blood from the right side of the heart so blood coming into the right side of the heart the pressure is going to be increased because you dont dump the whole volume to begin with. *** when you look at the heart you always have to look down and up stream because it is a closed system. |
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Term
| if you have a ready weak pilse then thats telling you that you dont have much force of contraction, therefre you could be ejecting 30 ml out instead of 70 ml or it could be telin youthat the force is ok but the volume of blood that is going into te ventricles isn't in other words this patient is |
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Definition
| severly anemic. An enemic person would give you therady pulse you can also get this with someone that has a left ventricle disease and just had a heart attack becausethey lost haf their ventricle muscle. |
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Term
| if you have heart beat that is greater than 100 some people say 1200 then you have ? |
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Definition
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Term
| impressive by short interval less than 1second this represen ts the ventricles depolarixng and the atria re opening. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in artheroclerotic diease an increase heart rate means |
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Definition
| increased demand for oxygen |
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Term
| in atheroclerotic disease a contractive force means? |
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Definition
| the harder the muscle contracts the more oxygen it needs |
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Term
| in atheroclerotic disease muscle mass means |
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Definition
| the more muscle youve got the more oxygen it needs |
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Term
| increased blood pressure also means? |
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Definition
| more narrow blood vessels and more narrow blood vessels eans increased bp and you are in vicious circle. You have to increase pressure because vessels cant be dilated because they are occluded with plaque. This change is usually slow thats why we are always asking to take BP.!!! |
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Term
| interstital fluid is accumlating. ankles and feet have swelling ask patients about fatigue and weakness called? |
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Definition
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Term
| is it possible for you to have a heart attack and for youto have a normal EKG? |
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Definition
| yes, because you might have something going on outside of where we are measuring |
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Term
| is the kind of complication its the result of profound loss of the left ventricle and profound loss means greater than 40% of your left ventricle this is known as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| is when muscles are unable to dialte to meet the demand of getting more blood to the heart then we have transitory thing of demand being more than supply |
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Definition
| ischemia ischemia means to old something back if you pull blood back you pull back oxygen |
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Term
| it is aarler, a protein involed in helping control calcium interacting in actin myosin filaments. Alot of it is found in cardiac tissue. It goes up 4 to 6 hours after the mi and it stay up for about 10 days what is this? |
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Definition
| troponin ( this is not an enzyme) |
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Term
| it is when you have more cells that make up the tissue so it is bigger. It is normal for some tissue to be this way Example: during pregnancy your uterus and breast tissue expand |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| lots of protein and not much cholesterol. good cholesterol |
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Definition
HDL high density lipoproteins
We want people to have high HDL and low LDL's. |
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Term
| lymphoma does have scarcoma in it true or false? |
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Definition
| False, there is no such thing as growth in the lymph nodes it will be malignant. No benign growth in the lymph nodes |
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Term
| means evil wicked it is invading the cells not just nudgingthem out of the wat no nice line of normal cells there are varying cecreases of abnormalities. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| mortality for this is 80% to 90% depending on where you are when this happens. how much muscle is suddenly lost and where the patient is taken when this happens. The patient is more likely to live if they are taken to a level one trauma center like SLU. What disease |
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Definition
|
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Term
| mostly cholesterol and not much protein bad cholesterol. |
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Definition
LDL low density lipoprotein
increase cholesterol
Alot of LDL can increase dementia
have a higherrisk of coronary artery disease
cholesterol is to be around 180 |
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Term
| murumers tend to be the loudest and slightly down stream from where the problem is true or false? |
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Definition
| true there are 5 standard places to put your stehoscope on a patents chest where you will be msot commonly hear murmurs |
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Term
| muscle quivering is an example of this |
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Definition
|
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Term
| new growth new mass of proliferating cells. what we need to know is if new cells are benign or malignant and what is the difference |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| normal heart sounds are caused from> |
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Definition
| are the virbration of blood within the chambers when the chambers fill and when the valves close off |
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Term
| normally pretty short this is tellingyou about the imulse transission time through the atria and we hit the Av node and there is a slight elay at the av node before it gets down into the ventricles. The P-R inteval is telling you about the delay. is that delay is longer what is it telling us? if it is alittle longer what is that telling us? |
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Definition
1st degree heart block. if its longer second degree heart block or maybe complete heart block. heart block doesnt mean the heart is blocked it means the conduction system is blocked!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! you assess block by checking the PR interval
PR interval! |
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Term
| not fillinf just shaking! when we shock the heart we are completly shutting down the conduction system. ( DEFIBRILLATION). it starts again because the heart tissue is unique. About 1 % of the heart cells have the ability to excite themselves if that happens we say that the patient has been converted. Heart has autorhythmicity. ** You can be brain dead but still have a heart beat. muscle quivering is an example of this |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| one of the most common complication of Mi ( 90% of patents will have this) |
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Definition
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Term
| one of the things that is going on now to detect early malignancy is the measure of telomarase activity in? |
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Definition
| stem cells if we can measure telomerase in a person than it might lead u to an early diagnosis of cancer |
|
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Term
| orgination of the heart beat occurs in the |
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Definition
| Sa Node which comes down through the atria to the av node. This tyically means that there is a change in the orginiation of the stimulus it occured somwhere else outside the sa node. This would cause the heart rate to decrese because sa node fires the most frequently |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| patient with the heart beat of 9 how is cardiac output compromised? |
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Definition
| the heart just isnt beating enough |
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Term
| prolonged ischemia leads to ? |
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Definition
| you will have necrosis of tissue and dead tissue mean infarction. the most suseptible area to ischemia infarction is the LEFT VENTRICLE |
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Term
| representing atrial depolarization. its looking its electrical current what would it say if the p wave had a higher amptitude and an even greater width? |
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Definition
| it is taking longer to depolarixe because the atria is enlarged. if the p wave is defelected down that means that usualythere is a change in the origination ofthe stimulus for this heart beat |
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Term
| represents the ventricle repolarizing and its faster than the QRS because the ventricel repolarize more slowly than it depolarizes |
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Definition
|
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Term
| smoking has more to do with the number of cigarettes smoked per day than the length of time a person has smoked. if you are smoking three packs aday for however long you are inhaling? |
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Definition
| Carbon monoxide which means you are not taking in oxygen. The heart cant use carbon monoxide so smoking heavily gives you a big dose of carbon monoxide which then puts the cardac tissue possibly in an anaerobic ischemia enviroment which means blood vessels have to dilate. |
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Term
| sound of the heart is correlated with the closure of the semi lunar valves |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| st segement above the baseline is correlate with |
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Definition
myocardial infarction
this patient has dead tissue there sometimes this is also correlated with renal rapid heart beat in people who have tachycardia. |
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Term
| stroke volume usually goes down dueto |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of blood pumped out of the l ventricle with each pump. is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the beat shouldnt have occured yet. the most common is premature ventricular beats. pt can get this from drinking too much soda or coffee this is called? |
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Definition
| Premature activation SA NODE |
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Term
| the heart oxygenates itself the most when it is resting and filling true or false? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the interval time betwen the ventricel depolarizing and the ventricle re polarizing what interval |
|
Definition
S-t Segment
its through depolarizing now we are waiting for it to repolarize in erms of electrical language we call these isoelectric! |
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Term
| the lub is louder at the beginning of the ventricle systole at the beginning when the ventricle starts tocontract this increases inside pressure and as the pressure of the blood increases above the atrial pressure then this causes av valves ( bicuspid and tricuspid) to close When would you hear an abnormal mitral valve? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the lub sound is referred to |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the reason you hear blood pressure in hypertensive patients is because of what factor? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| there are two types of mi's in the left ventricle what are they ? |
|
Definition
| transmural, subendocardial. |
|
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Term
| this disease is another risk factor to coronary artery disease. 25% of the population has it. it effects the black population |
|
Definition
| hypertension We dont want your blood pressure to be over 140/95 |
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Term
| this disease we have to find a way to move the at around in the vascular system which is mostly water. Connect that to protein and that gives us HDL, LDL, VDL's. there are 4 basic possible connections based upon bonding and how much protein and how much fat you have. what disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this goes through about half way through the myocardial tissue. So it goes from the endocardium to about half way through the muscle. The vessel that's occluded therefore you will be able to correlatethat vessel with what area of the heart is supplies |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this is one of the four types of hyperlipidemia . mostly triglycerides. provide energy. lit bit unsure how they provide anything with the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
| VLDL very low density lipoprotein |
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|
Term
| tissue growth disorders include |
|
Definition
| metaplasia, hyperplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasisa, neoplasms, benign, malignant |
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|
Term
| tissue/ organ reached normal size but it shrank |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| to significantly increase oxygen to myocardial tissue is to increase |
|
Definition
| coronoary blood levels the only way to do this is to dilate the blood vessels |
|
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Term
| true or false the younger you are when you start abnormal reproduction the worse its going to be becauethe more immature the cells are |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ventricular fibrillation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| very localized affair. we have abnormal proliferating cells but it is very isolated and confined. the abnormal and proliferating group of cells are surrounded by a normal group of cells. it is nudging cells out of the way but it is not invadingthem it is just pushing them out of the way as it get bigger Example uterine fibroids on your finger than can get bigger and bigger |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| we know when cells reproduce there is a limit to how much they can reproduce true or false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 cv diseases? |
|
Definition
| angina, orthopnea, palipitations, edema |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean ifthe qrs complex is wider? |
|
Definition
the ventricle is hypertrophy! Why a vlave is stiff and to get blood pass the vlave that is too stiff you have to generate more force and the muscle gets bigger.Ifthe qrs is more amptitude and lighter that means an atrophy ventricle- takes longer to get through more muscle mass.
Not everyone has a Q it is the sign of an old mi( heart attack) if patient state that they have never had a heart attach and didn't know it! |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme do malignant cancer cells carry |
|
Definition
| palmerase every time these cells reproduce that enzyme keeps on extending the tail which means cancer cells never die they keep reproducing |
|
|
Term
| what is a protection against cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 120/80 this is different for everyone pressure varies depending on things like age and weight |
|
|
Term
| what would it mean if the t wave wa spiked and much shorter? |
|
Definition
| that would tell you that the ventricle is trying to repolarize more quickly and the more spiked narow it becomes the quicker it is repolarizing |
|
|
Term
| when doing an assessment for blood pressure you are checking a number of things such as |
|
Definition
| rate, regularity, amp... quality |
|
|
Term
| when heart valves open ther are silent if a valve is stiff and thick when it opens it is not silent it will have what type of sound to it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when premature beats become more frequent. ventricularrate more than 120. muscle in your eyelid starts to quiver this is called? |
|
Definition
| Ventricukar Tachycardia= greater 120. This is fibrillation. Ventricualr flutter is the real danger |
|
|
Term
| when there is an increase in ventricle resistance to atrial filling. in other wordswhn somethin is going on in the ventricle that is interfering with the atria's ability to fill. Example: ventricle isn't emptying all 70 ml. this can also put pressure back on the veins that are emptying into atria. wwhat heart sound caused from? |
|
Definition
| atrial gallop 4th heart sound |
|
|
Term
| when you dont get a build up in big vessels its because there is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when you inspire what is happening |
|
Definition
| you get a slight fall in venous pressure because the thoracic pressure decreases to make it easier for blood to get back to the right side of the heart |
|
|
Term
| why dont these blood vessels diate in order to respond to this increase in request for more oxygen? |
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Definition
| common reason is coronary atheroscleorsis in our cultue which is usally slow build up of plaque fats lipids fibrious tissue in the artery. This slowly narrows the artery and then youve lost the ability to dilate that artery, Which as we said is about the only way that we can increase blood supply. |
|
|
Term
| you dulipicate your dna when your cells reproduce everytime your cells reproduce you loose a little bit of your dna and your dna is designed so that when it replicates itself it has alittle tail on it what is being lost is part of that tail) and pretty soon we run out of that tail when this happens what is this called? what is the enzyme on your tail dna |
|
Definition
aging your cells are getting old
tail is called telomerase |
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|
