Term
|
Definition
| small, simple cells that typically have a cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane surrounding their cytoplasm, which contains ribosomes and a single chromosome, but have no membranes surrounding their nucleus or organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
| large, complex cells with a nucleus that contains multiple chromosomes surrounded by a membrane and cytoplasm containing ribosomes and membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, golgi bodies, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| non-cellular, non-living entities, made up of genetic information enclosed in a protein coat, which can reproduce themselves only by infecting cells and utilizing cellular materials and process |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of cell enlargement and proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature (go over all the different types in text and what degrees correspond to what type), oxygen (same as temperature), pH (most cells prefer neautral conditions, but many can thrive in acid or alkali), and salts (regulate enzyme activity) |
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Term
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Definition
| usually small prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid/protein outer boundary of the cytoplasm regulates what goes in and out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| small RNA/protein particles required for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| large single strand of DNA that contains the "blueprint" for all cell structure and activity in regions called genes |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA that contains only a few genes and is exchanged between bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rigid structure that protects against osmotic pressure damage and provides cell shape - cylindrical (bacillus), spherical (coccus), or helical (spirillum) |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide "coatings" secreted by cells |
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Term
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Definition
| long, thin protein polymers that provide motility |
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Term
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Definition
| long, thin protein polymers that act as adhesins |
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Term
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Definition
| thick-walled protective structures; highly resistant to adverse environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| utilize sunlight energy and CO2 from air for carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| utilize inorganic chemical energy and CO2 from air |
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Term
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Definition
| digest complex organic compounds using secreted enzymes, then absorb and utilize these nutrients and growth factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| dividing into two roughly equivalent daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
lag phase - cells get ready to sythesize components needed for growth
log phase - rapid proliferation, generation time is doubled
stationary phase - cell proliferation is balanced by cell death caused by nutrient depletion or accumulation of metabolic by-products
death phase - rapid cell death occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| viral genes are made up of either DNA or RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| protein coat made up of subunits called capsomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane stolen from host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| attatchment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release |
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Term
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Definition
| small cells, but mycelia are visible to the naked eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| diploid spores formed by meiosis and halpoid gamete fusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| binary fission, buding, fragmentation, mitotic spores |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| dormant form, protects against adverse conditions |
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Term
|
Definition
| ingest small bits of organic matter by phagocytosis or using a cytosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| absorptive nutrient uptake; secrete enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| regulate osmotic pressure by water expulsion |
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Term
| round worms vs. flat worms |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| promote attachment to host cells and tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| used by viruses to attach to cells they then infect |
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Term
|
Definition
| promote entrance into and/or movement through tissues or cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| promote damage to teh cells or tissues of the host |
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Term
|
Definition
| toxic proteins that are secreted by living microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| LPS portion of the outer membrane of gram (-) bacterial cell walls which is released when the bacteria disintegrate and case fever and/or edotoxin shock, depending on its concentration in the bloodstream |
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Term
| externam resistance factors |
|
Definition
| those which act on body surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blinking of eyelid, tears, urination |
|
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Term
| chemical external reistance factors |
|
Definition
| salts, acids, lipids, enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compete with pathogens for attachment sites and nutrients as well as producing factors toxic to pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells that engulf and destroy particles on mucous membranes by a process known as phagocytosis |
|
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Term
| internal resistance factors |
|
Definition
| those which act within tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| early warning system ---- look at the process of inflammation in notes and study guide |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carolus Linnaeus - Sweden (1735)
wrote Systema Naturae
put plant and animal forms into one classification scheme
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Term
| Shared feature of eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
|
Definition
Cell membrane, ribosomes, flagella, cell wall, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton
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Term
|
Definition
| fusion of primitive cells |
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|
Term
Characteristics of Protozoa
|
|
Definition
neukaryotic
nMorphology:
size varies greatly
generally among the smallest eukaryotic cells
qunicellular - mostly spherical or ellipsoidal
ntrophozoite
qfeeding form
qcytoplasm enclosed by plasma membrane
qno cell wall
ncyst
qdormant form
qcell wall protects against adverse conditions
nclassified by means of locomotion
qFlagella
qCilia
qPseudopods
nhabitat
qmost are free-living in moist environments
qsome are parasitic in plants or animals
qothers are symbiotic
nimportance
qbasic part of food chains and webs, especially in aquatic habitats (zooplankton)
nmajor cause of infectious disease in humans and other animals
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
neukaryotic
nyeasts - unicellular, about the size of large bacteria
qfermentation of wine and beer
bread production
nmolds - chains of cells, often as a fuzzy mat
qfrequent contaminant of old bread and leftovers
ndiseases such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and thrush (yeast)
nmorphology - cells small 1-5 µm; mycelia visible to naked eye
qmycelial (molds-multicellular)
qyeast (unicellular)
qmay be dimorphic:
yeast ® mold
qcell walls
nspore
qdormant form
protects against adverse conditions
nHabitat:
generally prefer dark, moist habitats containing organic material
nImportance:
qmostly saprobes (decomposers)
qsome pathogens
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
n3 basic shapes
qRods - 0.5-20 µm
bacillus (bacilli)
streptobacilli
(chain of rods)
qSpheres - 0.5 µm
coccus (cocci)
streptococci
(chain of spheres)
tetrads and sarcinae
(packets of spheres)
qSpirals -
vibrios
spirilla
spirochetes
qInclusions -
intracellular bodies
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nlocomotion for many species
q10-20 µm long, 0.2 µm thick
qflagella rotate
(in eukaryotes they whip)
qresults in corkscrew motion of flagellum
ncan act as an invasin
naxial filaments:
intracellular flagella
in spirochetes
|
|
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Term
Pili (fimbriae)
nPilus (singular) |
|
Definition
nFunction: NOT MOTILITY
1. as adhesin
qattachment
and colonization
ncan act as antigen
(antibodies can be
made against them)
nantibodies can block
attachment and colonization
nimportant avenue of research:
develop antibodies to prevent pili attachment of N. gonorrhoeae
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
| observe process in study guide as well as slide show |
|
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Term
nAgents that damage cell wall |
|
Definition
qPenicillin
nprevents new wall from forming
nbacteria elongated and burst
qLysozyme: enzyme in tears and saliva
nattacks linkages between carbohydrate moieties
ncell wall breaks down and cells explode
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|
Term
| Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) |
|
Definition
nboundary layer of cell, located inside cell wall
nfunctions:
1) transport of nutrients in, waste out
2) energy production
ndissolving of lipid bilayer leads to cell death
qdetergents, ethanol, and certain antibiotics
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|
|
Term
| Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) |
|
Definition
boundary layer of cell, located inside cell wall
functions:
1) transport of nutrients in, waste out 2) energy production
dissolving of lipid bilayer leads to cell death
detergents, ethanol, and certain antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intracellular fluid containing: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, salts, ions, etc.
Ribosomes: protein synthesis
Storage granules
Chromosome closed loop of DNA suspended in cytoplasm without covering or associated protein nucleoid refers to chromosomal region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highly resistant structures
withstand boiling water
70% alcohol for 20 years
radiation
human LD50: 500 REM
spore LD50: million REM
resist drying-recovered from mummies
long-lived - recovered from salt crystal > 250 million years old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
triggered by unfavorable environmental changes
DNA replicates
thick coat forms (including peptidoglycan)
remaining cell disintegrates
free spore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
triggered by favorable environmental changes
becomes a metabolically active bacterium
undergoes vegetative reproduction |
|
|
Term
| Diseases of interest caused by spore formers |
|
Definition
Anthrax (Bacillus anthrasis) remain alive in soil - periodic reoccurrence
the diseases produced by Clostridium spp require anaerobic environment for spores to germinate
Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) vacuum packed can - spores germinate - make toxin
Gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringens) dead tissue in wound - make toxins
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) dead tissue in wound - make toxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
doubling of cell number every generation
generation time is the time from one cell doubling to the next
generation time is species-dependent
Staphylococcus aureus - 30 minutes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - 18 hours
Treponema pallidum - 33 hours
Escherichia coli - 20 minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Each species has growth temperature range and optimum
Psychrophiles: -5 to 20°C food spoilage in refrigerator
Mesophiles: 12 to 45°C normal microbiota, pathogens, spoilage bacteria
Thermophiles: 42 to 68°C
Hyperthermophiles: 65 to >100°C |
|
|
Term
| psychrotrophic (cold-eating): |
|
Definition
grow at refrigerator temperatures
considered mesophiles
staphylococci on cold cuts, leftovers, salads can deposit toxins food poisoning
streptococci - can sour milk
Proteus vulgaris - blacken eggs - characteristic rotten odor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aerobic - require abundant O2
anaerobic - must have O2-free environment (Clostridium example) some use molecules instead of O2 make H2S instead of H2O others make methane (swamp gas)
facultative - grow in presence or absence of oxygen many strep, staph, intestinal rods, Bacillus, E. coli
microaerophilic - prefer a little O2 examples cause disease of oral cavity, urinary tract, and GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nutrient broth water, beef extract, peptone
nutrient agar nutrient broth plus agar (polysaccharide derived from a marine algae)
enriched media
blood agar - nutrient agar plus blood streptococci isolation
chocolate agar - heated blood agar releases hemoglobin - turns brown color Neisseria isolation
selective media - contain ingredients which inhibit certain bacteria while encouraging others to grow
mannitol salt agar: mannitol - used by staphylococci high salt concentration inhibits most other bacteria
eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar: has carbohydrates fermented by gram negatives the dyes inhibit gram positives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for many human diseases, including: influenza hepatitis polio rabies chickenpox AIDS |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Viruses |
|
Definition
neither prokaryotes or eukaryote
microbiologists question whether viruses are living organisms at all
non-cellular
no growth
no nutritional patterns
no activity except replication (exclusively within cells)
considered to be at the “threshold of life” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nsome infections do not result in lysis
ntemperate virus: non-multiplying virus
qin bacteria, lysogeny
ngenome is called prophage
nmay integrate into chromosome or be carried as a plasmid
qin animals, latency
ngenome is called provirus
nHerpesvirus, HIV
nintegrates into chromosome
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nInnate resistance - inborn capacity to resist disease
qGenetic barriers:
disease affecting a species may not affect other species
nHost range - people don’t get hog cholera, hogs don’t get polio
nPhysiology - chickens don’t get anthrax (body temp too high)
nGenetic traits - sickle cell anemia provides resistance to malaria
qCultural barriers:
nexist among various races and cultures
ncustoms and behaviors (Ebola, Kuru, dietary laws)
qIndividual barriers:
nstate of health, nutrition, fatigue, age, sex, climate
|
|
|
Term
| Physical and Chemical Barriers |
|
Definition
nphysical barriers:
physically separate microbes from host
qskin (can be compromised)
qmucous membranes
secrete mucus
ntraps airborne bacteria and particles in respiratory tract
qflow
ncilia of cells in tract move mucus-trapped particle to throat ® swallowed
ntears, saliva and urine flush microbes from eyes, oral cavity and urinary tract
qnormal flora
noutcompete pathogens for attachment sites
nchemical barriers:
qacid pH
nin stomach acid destroys microbes (pH 2.0)
qexceptions: typhoid, TB, Helicobacter pylori, protozoan cysts, polio, hepatitis A
nin vagina inhibits pathogens (due to lactobacilli)
nin urine inhibits pathogens
- flow of urine flushes microbes away (physical)
qlysozyme
nin tears and saliva
ndigests peptidoglycan
(cell wall)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
qacid pH
nin stomach acid destroys microbes (pH 2.0)
qexceptions: typhoid, TB, Helicobacter pylori, protozoan cysts, polio, hepatitis A
nin vagina inhibits pathogens (due to lactobacilli)
nin urine inhibits pathogens
- flow of urine flushes microbes away (physical)
qlysozyme
nin tears and saliva
ndigests peptidoglycan
(cell wall)
nprocess of phagocytosis:
qChemotaxis:
phagocyte movement due to a chemical attraction to microbe
qAttachment / opsonization:
nantibodies (opsonins) enhance phagocytosis
nserves as a bridge between microbe and phagocyte
nincreases attachment 1000 fold
nantibody binds to microbe and to specific receptors on phagocyte
|
|
|
Term
nprocess of phagocytosis: |
|
Definition
qIngestion:
invagination forming phagosome
qFusion:
joining of phagosome with lysosome
qDigestion:
destruction of particle
qEgestion:
elimination of waste
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nInflammation:
non-specific response to tissue injury
- either by mechanical, chemical, physical or biological means
qdilation of blood vessels
qincreased capillary permeability
qfluid accumulation at site of injury
qPMN accumulation
- begin phagocytosis of irritant
qmacrophages arrive
- phagocytosis and tissue repair
qpus formation
qcomposition of pus:
plasma, dead tissue, WBCs,
dead bacteria
nabscess or boil: enclosed within a fibrin sac
ncarbuncle: several abscesses, lateral spread
q4 characteristic (cardinal) signs of inflammation
nrubor - red color
ncalor - warmth
ntumor - swelling
ndolor - pain
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nFever: abnormally high body temperature
qstimulation of hypothalamus by biological mediators
® increased body temperature
qblood vessels constrict, constriction cools skin ® chills
shivering raises body temperature
qbenefits:
ncell metabolism increases, faster immune response
nmay inhibit growth of temperature sensitive organisms
npromotes tissue repair
qif > 45°C, can result in convulsions and death
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
qInterferon: a signaling molecule
nproduced by virus-infected cell
nalerts neighboring cells to viral threat
ntrigger production of substances that “interfere” with viral replication
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nacquired immunity: resistance acquired against specific antigens
nantigens: chemicals that elicit a response by the body’s immune system
(abbreviated Ag)
qimportant features
nnonself: not normally found in one’s body
nimmunogenic: stimulates production of immune cells
nreactive: can react with immune cells or their products
qepitope:
na unique site on antigen which is recognized
n~6-8 amino acids or carbohydrate molecules long
nantigens typically have more than one epitope (many)
qhapten:
na small molecule that complexes with self molecule
to form Ag
nacts as epitope
(e.g. penicillin combines with self protein ® allergic response)
|
|
|
Term
| Specific Immune Tolerance |
|
Definition
ntheory proposed by Burnet and Talmadge (1957), in which a person’s own protein and polysaccharide do not stimulate immune response (interpreted as “self”)
qstem cells generate a repertoire of lymphocyte clones, each with unique receptor display
q“self” Ags contact and inactivate immune system cells that might respond to them
qbecomes tolerant to “self”, and retain potential to respond to “nonself” Ags, such as pathogens
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nautoantigens:
q“self” Ag that elicit an immune response
qbasis of autoimmune disease
nalloantigens:
qAg found in some but not all members of a species
nABO blood group Ags
nRh Ag
ntissue-typing Ag
(MHC - major histocompatibiity complex)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nserum: fluid containing minerals, salts, proteins
nplasma: serum containing clotting agents
ncells: (from bone marrow)
qred blood cells
qwhite blood cells
qplatelets
nerythrocytes: RBCs
qcarry oxygen and CO2 in hemoglobin
qupon death, hemoglobin converted to bilirubin
(yellow pigment)
qbilirubin degraded in liver
nif liver is damaged, no breakdown of bilirubin
excess bilirubin in blood ® yellow color ® jaundice
(hepatitis, yellow fever)
nplatelets:
qfunction in blood clotting mechanism
|
|
|
Term
| Blood Cell Information: Leukocytes |
|
Definition
nleukocytes: WBCs
qphagocytes - ingest foreign matter
nPMNs - polymorphonuclear cells
- first response blood phagocytes
- many lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes
- 2 day life span
nmonocytes - blood phagocytes
mature into macrophages
nmacrophages - tissue phagocytes
can process and present Ag
ndendritic cells - tissue dwellers
main Ag processors and presenters
qlymphocytes - specific immune response
nB lymphocytes
qhumoral immunity
qantibody production
nT lymphocytes
qimmune response regulation
qcellular immunity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Lymphatic System
nlymph:
qfluid that surrounds tissue cells and fills intercellular spaces
qcontains fewer proteins than serum
nlymphatic system:
qcomposed of vessels that circulate lymph
nlymph nodes:
qpockets of lymphatic tissue located along lymph vessels
qcontain phagocytes and lymphocytes
qcan become enlarged during infection (swollen glands)
qspecialized nodes include
tonsils, adenoids, spleen, Peyer’s patch, appendix
|
|
|
Term
| Development of Immune System Specificity |
|
Definition
Development of Immune System Specificity
nImmune System:
qseries of cells, factors, and processes that provide a specific adaptive response to Ag
qspecificity is dependent on lymphocytes
nT-lymphocytes cellular immunity
nB-lymphocytes humoral immunity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lymphocyte Maturation
nprimordial stem cells arise in marrow
ndifferentiate into either erythropoietic (RBCs, phagocytes)
or lymphopoietic cells
qT cells mature in thymus
qB cells mature in bursa (birds) or bone marrow
nantigen-specific receptors appear on each cell type during maturation
qallows specific recognition and binding to Ag
(lock and key fit)
qreceptor is present even
if person unexposed to the Ag
(contained in genetic information)
qB cell receptor is antibody
qT cell receptor is TCR
nlymphocytes with Ag receptors that bind to “self” Ag are eliminated
nlymphocytes with Ag receptors that do not bind to “self” Ag have potential to bind to microbe Ag
nboth types of cells
qenter circulation
qcolonize nodes and other lymphatic organs
|
|
|
Term
| Operation of the Immune System |
|
Definition
Operation of the Immune System
1. entry of antigens to lymphatic or cardiovascular system
2. Ag is phagocytosed by dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytes
(antigen-presenting cells)
3. Ag is processed
qmajority of Ag is digested
nepitopes are preserved by phagocytes
qepitopes are displayed on surface of APC
qunprocessed Ag is a poor stimulator of immune system
4. epitopes are presented to
T helper cells
qinteraction between APC receptor, epitope and specific TCR on T cell surface
5. T helper cells become activated
qT cells divide
qform clone of
activated T helper cells
qall have same TCR
|
|
|
Term
| Regulation of the Immune Response |
|
Definition
Regulation of the Immune Response
nHelper T cells are regulatory cells
nrequired for both cellular
and humoral immunity
qproduce cytokines
ncommunication proteins
nhave effects on
other types of WBCs
ncytokine functions:
qassist response of B cells to Ags
qassist response of
cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)
qincrease killing by phagocytes (increase phagocytosis)
q
nin AIDS
qhelper T cell numbers are depressed
q® suppressed immune system
nsome activated T cells form memory T cells
qIf Ag reappears
nmemory T cells produce cytokines quickly
none reason for long-lasting immunity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Humoral Immunity
nhumoral immunity:
interaction between Ab and Ag in blood (humor refers to blood)
1. circulating Ag binds to specific Ab on B cell surface
2. T helper cells provide cytokine activation signal
3. activated B cells multiply
nform clone of plasma cells
nproduce Ab
(a.k.a. immunoglobulin)
nall have same specificity
4. plasma cells
nmake Ab for 4-5 days
n2000 Ab molecules/second
n all have same specificity
5. some activated B cells become memory B cells
nremain in lymphoid tissue for 20 or more years
nwhen Ag reappears they revert to plasma cells
which rapidly produce Ab
nflood blood with Ab within hours
|
|
|
Term
| Structure and Type of Antibodies |
|
Definition
Structure and Type of Antibodies
n2 identical arms (Fab)
qunique specificity
qbinds to epitopes
nconstant region (Fc)
qbinds to receptors on APCs
nflexible hinge
npermits cross-linking
n5 classes (types) identified
|
|
|
Term
| Antigen-Antibody Interactions |
|
Definition
Antigen-Antibody Interactions
nAb must react with Ag in such a way that Ag is altered
qdeath of microbe
qinactivation of Ag
qincreased susceptibility to other body defenses
qneutralizins
bind to receptors on viruses
bind to toxins (antitoxins)
qbacteriolysins damage bacterial membranes
qagglutinins bind to large particles, cause clumping
qopsonins enhance phagocytosis (bind to
Fc receptor on phagocyte)
|
|
|
Term
| Cellular Immunity (cell-mediated immunity) |
|
Definition
Cellular Immunity (cell-mediated immunity)
nform of immunity arising from T cells as effectors
nimportant defense against:
qviruses, rickettsia, and bacteria that live within body cells
qfungi, protozoa, and cancer cells
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cellular Immunity
1. T cytotoxic cell binds to target
nAll cells express epitopes of
cellular proteins
nInfected cells also express
epitopes of infecting agent
nTCR binds to foreign epitope
2. T helper cells provide cytokine signal to activate TC cell
3. Activated T cytotoxic cells multiply
nForm clone of activated CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
nAll have same specificity
nSeek out target cells
4. CTLs recognize and bind to
Ag-bearing target cells
nrelease perforin
nrelease granzymes
5. Perforin inserts in target cell membrane
nPerforates cell membrane
nTarget cell undergoes
programmed cell death
6. Some activated T cells form
memory T cells
nIf Ag reappears
qmemory T cells reproduce quickly
qprovide long-lived cellular immunity
|
|
|
Term
| Naturally Acquired Active Immunity |
|
Definition
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
nactive immunity:
qderived from an exposure to Ag and activation of B and T lymphocytes
nnaturally acquired:
qdevelops following infection
- either clinical or subclinical disease
nmemory cells:
qresponsible for Ab and cytokine production and CTL activity
in naturally acquired active immunity
nremain active for years
nbecome activated immediately upon reinfection
ntermed secondary or memory or anamnestic response
|
|
|
Term
| Artificially Acquired Active Immunity |
|
Definition
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
nartificially acquired:
qdevelops after intentional exposure to Ag
(either a vaccine or toxoid)
nvaccine technology has evolved from early approaches
qvariolation and Jenner’s cowpox
nmodern vaccines utilize
qchemically altered toxins
qmicrobes that have been weakened or killed
nvaccines exploit memory response
qprimary response to vaccine
qfaster and stronger response secondary response to pathogen
nvaccine strategies
qviral vaccines typically longer-lasting
qbacterial vaccines used for temporary protection
(except pertussis which provides longer lived immunity)
nused to control outbreaks
- if typhoid is suspected in water, typhoid vaccine
- bubonic plague and cholera vaccines available in epidemics
ncombined immunizations
qused to avoid multiple injections
(DPT, MMR, and TOP)
nroute
- immunization may be administered by injection, orally, or nasally
nbooster immunizations
- raise Ab level by inducing memory response
|
|
|
Term
| nfirst-generation vaccines: |
|
Definition
nfirst-generation vaccines:
whole organisms
qtwo types available: inactivated and attenuated
ninactivated microbe (i.e. Salk polio vaccine, pertussis)
qtreated with heat or chemical to alter DNA - no replication
qproteins retain their immunogenicity
qmust be injected
|
|
|
Term
| nsecond-generation (subunit) vaccine: |
|
Definition
nsecond-generation (subunit) vaccine:
composed of parts or subunits of whole organisms
qvaccines for Hemophilus influenza B, Neisseria meningiditis, Streptococcus pneumoniae (23 different capsular polysaccharide types from 23 strains)
qtoxoids: stimulate immunity to toxins
consists of chemically altered toxin
(diphtheria, tetanus)
nvaccines not completely safe
qSabin oral polio vaccine - 1 case of polio / 3 million doses
nunderlying immune defect
nSalk inactivated vaccine now recommended
qpertussis vaccine - brain damage in 1 child / 310,000 immunizations
ncompare to disease-associated persistent brain damage
nIn 1.5-14% of patients
q1/3 recover,
q1/3 experience neurological sequellae,
q1/3 experience severe deficits or die
qto avoid complications, scientists are applying genetic engineering
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Term
| third-generation (synthetic) vaccine: |
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Definition
nthird-generation (synthetic) vaccine:
application of recombinant DNA technology
qidentify Ag that stimulates protection
qisolate genes required for its production
qinsert into yeast on plasmid
qmass produce Ag
qpurify Ag to form vaccine
qsuccessful for hoof-and-mouth disease, hepatitis B, HPV
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Term
| Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity |
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Definition
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
npassive immunity:
qderived from an Ab acquired from an outside source
qno lymphocyte activation, no immunological memory
nnaturally acquired:
qdevelops when Ab pass from mother to child
qtermed congenital immunity
nmaternal Ab into fetus from mother’s bloodstream via the placenta
predominantly IgG
nmaternal Abs also pass to newborn via breast milk
predominantly IgA
nAb remains from 3-6 months up to 12-15 months
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Term
| Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity |
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Definition
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
nartificially acquired:
qdevelops after intentional administration of Ab
nused in viral diseases
(Ebola, hepatitis, and arthropod-borne encephalitis)
nused in toxin-mediated bacterial diseases
(botulism, diphtheria, and tetanus)
ntreatments:
qantiserum, hyperimmune serum (> normal presence of specific Ab)
qprophylactic serum - used to protect
qtherapeutic serum - used in therapy
qconvalescent serum - obtained from convalescing patient
qgamma globulin - fraction of blood in which Abs are found
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