Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy metabolism, taste/smell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| regulation of iron metabolism, pigmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid hormone synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protection against free radicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintenance of teeth and bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain function, glucose/lipid metabolism |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| use of blood glucose, function of insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolism of purines and pyrimidines |
|
|
Term
| what is the charge on ferrous and ferric iron |
|
Definition
ferrous is 2+
ferric is 3+ |
|
|
Term
| How does iron function in energy metabolism? |
|
Definition
| cytochromes (heme bounded to protein) in ETC |
|
|
Term
| what form of iron is absorbed into intestinal mucosal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TF humans have no active mechanism of getting rid of iron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to ferritin in mucosal cells: it will store iron and eventually will get cleaved off and lost in feces |
|
|
Term
| what does transferrin do? |
|
Definition
| transports Fe from mucosal cells to liver |
|
|
Term
| What is MFP factor related to |
|
Definition
| it is in meat and it enhances the absorption of Fe |
|
|
Term
| What are the random things that enhance iron absorption? |
|
Definition
| MFP factor, vitamin C, stomach acid, increased need |
|
|
Term
| what is the best source of iron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is iron stored, and bound to what protein? |
|
Definition
liver: ferritin
spleen: hemosiderin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| iron regulatory hormone produced in the liver, blocks iron absorption and release it from storage site |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| high iron stores, infection, inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic disorder that causes excess absorption, iron overload and liver damage
fatigue and mild joint pain are early symptoms: late are liver disease, endocrine disorders and severe arthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood tests, genotyping, liver biopsy |
|
|
Term
| how does avoiding coffee or tea with meals affect iron absorption? |
|
Definition
| the polyphenols in the drinks reduce absorption |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of zinc deficiency? |
|
Definition
| dwarfism, anemia, lethargy, hyopgonadism |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of zinc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the best source of zinc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of zinc absorption? |
|
Definition
| bound to metallothionein in mucosal cell, transported by albumin, and excess is lost in feces |
|
|
Term
| what affects zinc absorption? |
|
Definition
| fiber and phytates, influenced by other minerals such as zinc |
|
|
Term
| what is enteropancreatic recirculation? |
|
Definition
| the cycle of zinc in the body |
|
|
Term
| Acrodematitis Enteropathica |
|
Definition
autosomal/recessive metabolic disorder that is a mutation in gene encoding an intestinal zinc transporter
-->similar to acquired zinc deficiency |
|
|
Term
| what can cause a potential cu or fe deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mineral's bioavailability is influenced by goitrogens? |
|
Definition
iodine
Found in cabbage family plants; it inhibits iodine uptake by the thyroid but is destroyed by cooking! |
|
|
Term
| What mineral functions in iron metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme is associated with antioxidant activity in copper? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme is associated with collagen synthesis in copper? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme is associated with ETC in copper? |
|
Definition
| dont have it potentially just copper transporters and chaperones |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme is associated with pigmentation activity in copper? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two proteins are associated with copper? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High intake of ____ blocks copper absorption |
|
Definition
| zinc (both utilize metallothionein) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what mineral is incorporated into ceruloplasmin in liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a genetic disease that is a reduced absorption of copper: causes a systemic copper deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excess copper: GI effects, liver damage |
|
|
Term
| What mineral excess causes a ring in the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of manganese? |
|
Definition
| enzyme cofactor: urea synthesis, pyruvate->oxaloacetate, bone formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what deficiency is unknown in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause excess of manganese? |
|
Definition
| environmental factors: mines steel mills:::nervous system effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what mineral maintains glucose homeostasis and does carbohydrate and lipid metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what mineral is carcinogenic at high doses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TF supplements may help a marginal deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Selenium function as? |
|
Definition
| antioxidant enzyme systems |
|
|
Term
| What is glutathione peroxidase |
|
Definition
| it neutralizes peroxides and is associated with selenium |
|
|
Term
| What regulates thyroid hormone metabolism (synthesis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selenium deficiency and exposure to a virus: causes cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are lima beans a good source of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are fat soluble vitamins absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are fat soluble vitamins stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two forms of vitamin A |
|
Definition
retinoids: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
carotenoids; b-carotene, a, etc |
|
|
Term
| ___supports reproduction, _____ participates in vision, and ______ regulates growth |
|
Definition
| retinol, retinal, retinoic acid |
|
|
Term
| What of vitamin A are antioxiadants |
|
Definition
| pro vitamins (carotenoids) |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin aids in epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does vitamin A affect gene expression? |
|
Definition
| enters cell and binds to receptor, binds to DNA, controls gene expression (transcription) and regulates cell differentiation |
|
|
Term
| what is xerophthalmia and what vitamin is it associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vit deficiency is keratinization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinoids only: permanent liver, bone, eye damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yellowish palsm and soles of feet |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin are polar bears connected to? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin A: polar bear liver has tons of preformed retinoic acid and people were getting liver damage from it |
|
|
Term
| what are the different forms of vitamin D and their activity |
|
Definition
| cholecaliciferol, hydroxilated in liver to 25, hydroxycholecalciferol and then in kidney gets converted to 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) ACTIVE FORM |
|
|
Term
| what is the precursor to vitamin D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does vit D help to regulate blood calcium levels? |
|
Definition
| increase intestinal absorption of Ca, increase kidney reabsorption and increase reabsorption from bone |
|
|
Term
| vit D deficiency in kids/adults |
|
Definition
kids: rickets: growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities
adults: osteomalacia- soft bones, increased fracture risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitamin D excess: calcium deposits in heart, kidneys, blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most active form of vitamin E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major function of vitamin E? |
|
Definition
antioxidant that protect cell membranes: lungs, blood cells
also protects lipids |
|
|
Term
| food sources of vitamin E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamin can interfere with vitamin K? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phylloquinones (plants)
menaquinones (animals, bacteria)
menadione (synthetic) |
|
|
Term
| what activates osteocalcin? |
|
Definition
| vitamin K: bone protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poison that inhibits blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liver, green veggies, milk, eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impaired clotting, abnormal bone formation |
|
|
Term
| what factors affect vitamin K utilization |
|
Definition
| antibiotic therapy, excess A or E, anti-coagulant medications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a standard vitamin K injection |
|
|
Term
| what is melatonin used to treat? |
|
Definition
| jet lag, disturbed sleep cycles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some evidence of effectiveness |
|
|
Term
| what are used for arthritic and joint pain? |
|
Definition
| glucosamine, chondroitin, SAM-e: limited evidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental well being, antidepressant |
|
|
Term
| two types of extracellular fluid |
|
Definition
| intravascular, interstitial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urine, lungs, skin, GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothalamus and pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what controls the renin/angiotensin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| talk about the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| it uses osmoreceptor cells to sense concentration of sodium in blood, stimulates thirst mechanism, and stimulates release of pituitary hormone ADH |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates thirst: 3 |
|
Definition
| increase in plasma osmolality, reduction in blood volume, reduction in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| what is the renin-angiotensin system triggered by? |
|
Definition
| a decrease in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| what is the immediate effect of the renin-angiotensin system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the delayed effect of renin-angiotensin system? |
|
Definition
| aldosterone release which stimulates sodium retention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low blood sodium caused by water intoxication |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant mineral in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TF minerals are more likely to be toxic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 general functions of minerals? |
|
Definition
| water and acid/base balance, nervous system function, muscle contraction, metabolic processes |
|
|
Term
| exracellular electrolytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intracellular electrolytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium and Potassium Functions |
|
Definition
| fluid balance, muscle contraction, conduction/transmission of nerve impulses |
|
|
Term
| What is used to form HCl in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid balance, nerve impulse conduction, HCl acid production, immune response |
|
|
Term
| where does potassium come from in our food sources? |
|
Definition
unprocessed foods
processing tends to take out K and adds Na |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AI: 1,500 mg/day
UL: 2,300
DV: 3,400 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AI: 4,700 mg/day
DV: 3,500 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AI: 2,300 mg/day
UL: 3,500 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of calcium? |
|
Definition
| bone/tooth structure, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, metabolic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when you have low blood calcium? |
|
Definition
| parathyroid hormone is triggered: it will cause kidney to retain Ca, vitamin D activation, and increase osteoclast activity |
|
|
Term
| How does calcitrol help with low blood calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when blood calcium is high |
|
Definition
| Calcitonin is triggered in thyroid and it inhibits osteoclasts, as well as the release of PTH and calcitriol decreases |
|
|
Term
| What factors increase absorption of Calcium? |
|
Definition
| growth hormones, meal, stomach acid, vitamin D, lactose |
|
|
Term
| Factors that decrease absorption |
|
Definition
| aging, low stomach acid, vitamin D deficiency, high P intake, fiber/phytate/oxalate intake, high protein/low Ca. |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin Converts light impulses to nerve impulses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamin activates receptors in stem cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamin maintains health of epithelial tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vitamin A acts as an antioxidant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we use retinol activity equivalents? |
|
Definition
| b-carotene isn't completely absorbed |
|
|
Term
| How does keratinization occur in skin cells? |
|
Definition
| in vitamin A deficiency, the epithelial cells secrete keratin |
|
|
Term
| what regulates blood calcium levels and phosphorus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamin affects insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which vitamin is vulnerable to heat and oxidation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deficiency of what can lead to ineffective blood clotting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased risk of oxalate-type kidney stones, interference with absorption of other minerals |
|
|
Term
| What does phosphorus make up? 3 things |
|
Definition
| ATP, phospholipids (plasma membrane) DNA/RNA |
|
|
Term
| What are the other 2 functions of P |
|
Definition
| pH control (carbonic acid) and bone structure (hydroxyapatite) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dairy, grains, meat, processed foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme cofactor, activates ATP, nerve/lung/cardiac function, K/Ca metabolism -> bone health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular heartbeat, weakness/muscle pain, hypertension/heart attack, develops slowly, alcoholics at risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood pressure ranges: normal, prehypertension, hypertension |
|
Definition
normal: < 120/80
prehypertension 120-139/80-89
hypertension at or above 140/90 |
|
|
Term
| when can calcium citrate be taken? |
|
Definition
any time of day
ca carbonate can only be taken with meal |
|
|
Term
| USP or CL on Ca supplement label |
|
Definition
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) or Consumer Lab
(CL) abbreviations |
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|
