Term
| Inflammation begins when it is... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any triggering molecules an example would be wast products of bacteria. |
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Term
| In Inflammation ______ are triggered to ____ |
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Definition
| capillaries are triggered to dilate |
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Term
| When inflammation occurs there is an increased ___ to the ____tissue |
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Definition
| blood supply to the inflamed tissue |
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Term
| Increased blood supple causes what two things |
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Definition
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Term
| what do capillaries allow |
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Definition
| leukocytes to enter the infected area. |
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Term
| When leukocytes enter an area it causes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a suspension of bacteria or viruses that have been weakened or killed to produce immunity. |
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Term
| Three categories of vaccines |
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Definition
1. Whole agent
2. Purified antigen vaccines
3.DNA vaccine |
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Term
| In T cells recognition occurs by___ on the ___ cell NOT__ cell |
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Definition
| Receptors on the T4 cell not on the T8 cell. |
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Term
| In T cells activation occurs when.... |
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Definition
| the T4 cell triggers the T8 cell to become a killer cell. |
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Term
| The T4 cell will also trigger |
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Definition
| production of memory cells |
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Term
| In T cells response occurs when the_____ |
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Definition
| T8 cell kills the tagged cell |
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Term
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Definition
1. Recognition
2. Activation
3. Response |
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Term
| Phagocytosis begins when it is... |
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Definition
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Term
| What draws the phagocytes to the infected tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once phagocytes recognized the pathogen they must use |
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Definition
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Term
| Opsonins help phagocytes to |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens after the phagocyte attaches to the pathogen? |
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Definition
| It kills it then digest it |
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Term
| What happens after the Phagocyte digest the pathogen? |
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Definition
| It will expel indigestible debris |
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Term
| What Three things do the Complement system functions include. |
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Definition
| Inflammatory mediators, production of oponosins, and membrane attack complex |
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Term
| The complement system is activated by either the __ or __ path |
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Definition
| classical or alternative path |
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Term
| The classical path requires what? |
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Definition
| an antigen antibody complex to form on the surface of the pathogen. |
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Term
| The alternative path requires... |
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Definition
| Four different molecules to land on the surface of the pathogen. |
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Term
| In the alternative path once activation has occurred what will be produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| At the end of the cascade.. |
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Definition
| the terminal path forms a membrane attack complex on the surface. This will now surface the pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein molecules that is produced by a cell that has been infected by a virus. |
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Term
| Interferon molecules are released and |
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Definition
| signal to cells that are healthy |
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Term
| These cells will now produce another protein called |
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Definition
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Term
| When new virons are released they will... |
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Definition
| infect cells with anti virus but will not synthesize |
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Term
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Definition
Recognition
Activation
Response |
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Term
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Definition
| the antibody on the surface of the B cell attaching to the receptor of the invading cell. |
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Term
| Activation occurs when... |
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Definition
| the B cell triggers production of plasma cells. These cells in turn and produce and secrete the identical antibodies. |
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Term
| THe B cell will also trigger production of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the antibodies bind the antigen cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface Level, Non specific internal level, specific internal level. |
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Term
| Inflammation is our body's |
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Definition
| reaction to injury or infection |
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Term
| Three types of Phagocytes |
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Definition
1. Macrophages
2. Neutrophils
3.Eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
| produce granules that they can release. This is called de-granulation. These granules are toxic chemicals to kill invading cells. Also used as inflammatory mediators. |
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Term
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Definition
| designed to attack bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| produce granules toxic to protozoans, fungi and worms |
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Term
| How many proteins are in the complement system. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| microbes ability to cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
1. Maintain reservoir
2. Gain access to new host
3. adhere to body surface
4. invade deeper tissue
5.establish infection invade host defenses
6. multiply in host tissue
7.Exit host |
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Term
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Definition
1. respiratory droplet transmission
2. fomites
3. direct body contact
4. fecal-oral
5. anthropod vector
6. airborne |
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Term
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Definition
| Human, Animal, Environmental |
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Term
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Definition
| State of relative equililbrium |
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Term
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Definition
| state of functional disequilibrium that may be resolved by recovery or death |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathogens, Opportunist, Normal Flora |
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Term
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Definition
| found on and in surfaces, will cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| dont always cause disease, can if opportunity |
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Term
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Definition
| co exist with humans found on the surface only. Staphylococcus is a common normal flora |
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Term
| What are the 7 challenges of pathogens? |
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Definition
1. maintain reservoir
2. gain access to new host
3.adhere to body surface
4. invade deeper tissue
5. establish infection and invade host defenses
6. multiplying in host tissue
7. exit host |
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Term
| Maintain Reservior, meaning and example |
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Definition
| a place where microbes can manifest, example would be humans, animals, environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| stick to body surface, example pili and capsules |
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Term
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Definition
| find a portal of entry so they can leave the reservoir and infect a host. example, coughing direct contact such as a nail in the foot for tetnus |
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Term
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Definition
| to get away from normal flora |
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Term
| establish infection and evade host defenses |
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Definition
| avoid phagocytes, example capsul, biofilm and surface proteins, |
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Term
| Multiplying in host tissue |
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Definition
| can produce waste products and toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| have to find a portal to leave the host. |
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Term
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Definition
1. surface proteins
2.antegenic variations
3.Biofilms
4. Having a capsule
5. Surviving phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Respiratory droplet transmission
2. Fomites
3. Direct body contact
4. Fecal Oral
5. Arthropod vector
6. Airborne |
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Term
| When a human pathogen uses an animal as a reservoir it is called |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one type of reservoir a human can be |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| example: Normal Flora, one partner is neither benefited or harmed while the other partner benefits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Example in the cow microbes digest grass, both partners benefit, neither can survive with out the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| host is harmed by the symbiotic partner. Partner benefits. Example, Worm Bacteria virus |
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Term
| Normal Flora provide__ benefit to the human body |
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Definition
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Term
| When Normal Flora set up______ they are competing for___ and ___ on the ___ of our body. |
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Definition
| microbial antagonism, space, food , surfaces |
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Term
| Each of the groups of bacteria that make up the Normal Flora are _______ the other groups of bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The Normal Flora are>>>>> keeping pathogens away from the surfaces of our body. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| This makes her vaginal tract |
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Definition
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Term
| The normal flora that colonizes her is |
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Definition
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Term
| By time she is 6 weeks old she |
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Definition
| loses her mothers estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The normal flora that colonize in her |
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Definition
| staph, strep, enterobacterica |
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Term
| When she reaches puberty she |
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Definition
| produces her own estrogen |
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Term
| Now her vaginal tract ranges from |
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Definition
| acidic to alkalinic as her estrogen levels change. |
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Term
| It is when she reaches what her flora remains stable |
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Definition
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Term
| List the terms commonly used in Epidemiology |
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Definition
Epidemic: Polio
Pandemic: AIDS
Endemic: gonorreha
Sporadic: Tetnus |
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Term
| An incidence rate measures |
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Definition
| number of people who develop disease/ number of people in population. |
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Term
| The prevalence rate measures |
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Definition
| number of people with disease/ number of people in population |
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Term
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Definition
| When a person aquires an infection while they are hospitalized. |
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Term
| Three reasons why you can not avoid Nosocomial infections |
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Definition
1. patients are immunocompromised
2. medical procedures are invasive
3. antibiotic resistance is increasing |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in the human population. |
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Term
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Definition
| patterns of disease transmissions that affect many members of a population within a short period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| epidemics that spread worldwide. |
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Term
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Definition
| only occur occasionally in a population |
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Term
| How to epidemiologist study disease? |
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Definition
| surveys, questionnaires interviews and hospital records. |
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Term
| Ways health departments keep us safe. |
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Definition
1. Check water
2. Clean food
3.Hand Washing
4.Insect Control
5.Immuzations |
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Term
| Two main causes for emerging diseases |
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Definition
1. a new disease is just a modification
2.Changes in the environment of a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic products of one microbe that kill or inhibit the growth of other microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
| used against bacterial infections |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
1. They might hurt organ function, most of flushed by the kidneys and can inpare organ function.
2. drug resistance of the pathogen
3. antibacterial drugs, if you should use narrow or broad spectrum. |
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Term
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Definition
1. some inhibit cell wall synthesis
2. Some will disrupt the cell membrance
3. some will inhibit protein synthesis.
4. Some will inhibit folic acid synthesis |
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