Term
| the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system ... |
|
Definition
| detects, encodes and transmits peripheral signals to the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change detected in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| various energy forms that stimulus exist as |
|
|
Term
| sensory receptors are located at |
|
Definition
| neuron's peripheral endings |
|
|
Term
| sensory receptors respond to |
|
Definition
| stimuli in both the external world and the internal environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conversion of stimulus energy into receptor potential |
|
|
Term
| photoreceptors are responsive to |
|
Definition
| visible wavelengths of light |
|
|
Term
| mechanoreceptors are sensitive to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thermoreceptors are sensitive to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in the concentrations of solutions in the extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| chemoreceptors are sensitive to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nocieptors or pain receptors are sensitive to |
|
Definition
| tissue damage such as cutting or burning |
|
|
Term
| the info detected by receptors is conveyed via _____ to ______ |
|
Definition
| afferent neurons to the CNS, where it is used for various purposes |
|
|
Term
| Sensory receptors may be categorized on the basis of ___, ___ or ____ |
|
Definition
| their structure, the stimulus energy they transduce, or the nature of their response. |
|
|
Term
| Receptors may be___, ____ or _____ |
|
Definition
| dendritic nerve endings, specialized neurons, or specialized epithelial cells associated with sensory nerve endings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, or nociceptors. |
|
|
Term
| Proprioceptors include receptors in the ___ , ____ & _____ |
|
Definition
| muscles, tendons, and joints. |
|
|
Term
| The senses of sight, hearing, taste, olfaction, and equilibrium are grouped as ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tonic receptors continue to fire as long as _____ |
|
Definition
| the stimulus is maintained |
|
|
Term
| Phasic receptors respond to ________ ; they do not respond to _______ |
|
Definition
| stimulus changes ; a sustained stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| According to the law of specific nerve energies, each sensory receptor responds with lowest threshold to _____ |
|
Definition
| only one modality of sensation. |
|
|
Term
| Generator potentials are ____ |
|
Definition
| graded changes in the membrane potential of the dendritic endings of sensory neurons. |
|
|
Term
| Generator potentials are graded changes, which are usually _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The magnitude of the potential change of the generator potential is directly proportional to ____ |
|
Definition
| he strength of the stimulus applied to the receptor. |
|
|
Term
| Light rays are bent, or refracted, by the ____ & ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because of refraction, the image on the retina is _____ |
|
Definition
| upside down and right to left. |
|
|
Term
| Path light takes through the eye |
|
Definition
Light enters the cornea of the eye,
passes through the pupil and then
through the lens, and then it is
projected to the retina in the back of the eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to maintain a focus on the retina when the distance between the object and the eyes is changed. |
|
|
Term
| Accommodation is produced by changes in |
|
Definition
| the shape and refractive power of the lens. |
|
|
Term
| When the muscles of the ciliary body are relaxed, the suspensory ligament is _____ and the lens is pulled to ______ |
|
Definition
| tight ; its least convex form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sharpness of the image. |
|
|
Term
| Visual acuity depends in part on the ability of the lens ___ |
|
Definition
| to bring the image to a focus on the retina. |
|
|
Term
| People with myopia have an eyeball that is _______, so that the image is brought to a focus in front of the retina; this is corrected by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with hyperopia have an eyeball that is ______, so that the image is brought to a focus behind the retina; this is corrected by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The retina contains ___ & ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When light strikes the rods, it causes |
|
Definition
| the photodissociation of rhodopsin into retinene and opsin. |
|
|
Term
| The rods provide black-and-white vision under conditions of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At higher light intensity, the rods are _____ and the cones provide ______ |
|
Definition
| bleached out; color vision |
|
|
Term
| In the dark, a constant movement of _____ into the rods produces what is known as a "_____.’’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the rods are hyperpolarized, they release less ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, there are _____ systems of cones, each of which responds to one of three colors: ___ , ____ or ______ |
|
Definition
| three; red, blue, or green. |
|
|
Term
| Each type of cone contains ________ attached to a different type of protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The names for the cones signify |
|
Definition
| the region of the spectrum in which the cones absorb light maximally. |
|
|
Term
| The structure involved in equilibrium are known as the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the vestibular apparatus consists of the |
|
Definition
| otolith organs (utricle and saccule) and the semicircular canals. |
|
|
Term
| The utricle and saccule provide information about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| semicircular canals provide information about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory receptors for equilibrium are_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the stereocilia are bent in the direction of the kinocilium, the cell membrane becomes ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the stereocilia are bent in the opposite direction of the kinocilium, the membrane becomes ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three semicircular canals are oriented at ___ |
|
Definition
| nearly right angles to each other, like the faces of a cube. |
|
|
Term
| The hair cells are embedded within a gelatinous membrane called the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement along one of the planes of a semicircular canal causes ___ |
|
Definition
| the endolymph to bend the cupula and stimulate the hair cells |
|
|
Term
| The outer ear funnels sounds waves of a given frequency and intensity to the _________ , causing it _____ |
|
Definition
| tympanic membrane; to vibrate. |
|
|
Term
| Vibrations of the tympanic membrane cause movement of the ______, which in turn produces vibrations of the _____ |
|
Definition
| middle ear; oval window of the cochlea. |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the middle ear |
|
Definition
| ear ossicles, malleus, incus, and stapes, |
|
|
Term
| The scala media is filled with ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The membrane of the cochlear duct that faces the scala vestibuli is called the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The membrane of the cochlear duct that faces the scala tympani is called the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sensory structure of the cochlea is called the ____ or ____ |
|
Definition
| spiral organ or organ of Corti. |
|
|
Term
| The organ of Corti rests on the basilar membrane and contains _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hair cells are innervated by the____ |
|
Definition
| vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve. |
|
|
Term
| Sounds of high frequency cause ___ |
|
Definition
| maximum displacement of the basilar membrane closer to its base near the stapes |
|
|
Term
| sounds of lower frequency produce ____ |
|
Definition
| maximum displacement of the basilar membrane closer to its apex near the helicotrema. |
|
|
Term
| The fovea centralis contains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral parts of the retina contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each cone in the fovea synapses with ______, which in turn synapses with ______ . |
|
Definition
| one bipolar cell; one ganglion cell |
|
|
Term
| The right half of the visual field is projected to the _____ of the retina of each eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sense of taste is mediated by ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A particular taste bud is most sensitive to one of the four taste modalities: ___ , ____, ____ or ____ |
|
Definition
| sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. |
|
|
Term
| Salty and sour taste are produced by movements of ___ & ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sweet and bitter tastes are produced by ___ |
|
Definition
| binding of molecules to protein receptors that are coupled to G-proteins |
|
|
Term
| The olfactory receptors are neurons that |
|
Definition
| synapse within the olfactory bulb of the brain. |
|
|
Term
| Each cone in the fovea synapses with ______, which in turn synapses with ______ . |
|
Definition
| one bipolar cell; one ganglion cell |
|
|
Term
| The right half of the visual field is projected to the _____ of the retina of each eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sense of taste is mediated by ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A particular taste bud is most sensitive to one of the four taste modalities: ___ , ____, ____ or ____ |
|
Definition
| sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. |
|
|
Term
| Salty and sour taste are produced by movements of ___ & ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sweet and bitter tastes are produced by ___ |
|
Definition
| binding of molecules to protein receptors that are coupled to G-proteins |
|
|
Term
| The olfactory receptors are neurons that |
|
Definition
| synapse within the olfactory bulb of the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
far-sightedness
(eyeball abnormally flattened) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
near sightedness
(abnormally elongated eyeball) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
irregular refractive surface
(corrected with irregularly ground lens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vision of old age
(loss of lens elasticity)(corrected with bifocals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opaque lens (corrected with lens replacement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one of three different wavelengths:
red, green, or blue (ratio determines color) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one type of cone missing. |
|
|
Term
| Brain can discriminate between ____ different colors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point where image of focus falls |
|
|
Term
| Pupil accommodation reflex - |
|
Definition
| the smaller the aperture of the pupil, the greater the depth of field. Near objects cause reflex constriction of the pupil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of taste cells that have chemical receptors in their membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organic compounds
(Saccharine is 500 times sweeter than sucrose; fructose 2X) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkaloids (Most find to be objectionable; therefore, protection against poisoning?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amino acids (meaty taste) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smell
we don't need to be able to constantly detect an odor |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individual muscle fibers are covered by the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bundles of fibers, called fascicles, are covered by the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| he entire muscle is covered by the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dark striations are called ____, and the light regions are called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are located in the middle of each I band. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the muscle fibers innervated by a single neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “A muscle fiber contracts to the greatest extent of its immediate capacity or not all all” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the greatest stimulus required to evoke the least response or a stimulus sufficient to recruit a single motor unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the least stimulus required to evoke the greatest response or a stimulus sufficient to recruit all motor units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a stimulus exceed the threshold of a motor unit, it will contract (will be recruited) and contribute to the strength of contraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adding together of the effects of stimuli to cause or increase the magnitude of a response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| summation in time. Increased frequency of stimulation from a single source. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| summation in space. Two or more sources of stimulation are moved closer together in space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sustained contraction to a muscle's immediate capacity. Stimuli get closer together, so progressively less time is available for relaxation. Eventually, the muscle will have no time to relax, and will be tetanized |
|
|
Term
| Conduction Failure results from |
|
Definition
| K+ build-up in small space of T-tubule |
|
|
Term
| Lactic Acid build-up results from |
|
Definition
| increased H+ changes protein conformation |
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of cross-bridge cycling results from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a fresh muscle is used, each contraction makes the next contraction more efficient up to a point. |
|
|
Term
| Treppe is probably a result of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An upward drifting of a recording's base line as a result of an increased relaxation time as a muscle tires |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Actin - composed of G-actin subunits " thin filaments
Myosin " thick filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Troponin
Tropomyosin – Covers myosin-binding sites on actin at rest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TnT - Tropomyosin-binding subunit
TnC - Calcium-binding subunit
TnI - Inhibitory subunit |
|
|
Term
| The right and left sides of the heart pump blood through the ___ & _____ |
|
Definition
| pulmonary and systemic circulations. |
|
|
Term
| The right ventricle pumps blood to _____ . This blood then returns to the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The left ventricle pumps blood into the ___ & ____ . This blood then returns to the ____ |
|
Definition
| aorta and systemic arteries; right atrium. |
|
|
Term
| The atrioventricular valves allow blood to flow from |
|
Definition
| the atria to the ventricles, but not in the reverse direction. |
|
|
Term
| The semilunar valves allow blood to leave |
|
Definition
| the ventricles and enter the pulmonary and systemic circulations, |
|
|
Term
| valves prevent blood from |
|
Definition
| returning from the arteries to the ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| The heart is a two-step pump. The ____ contract first, and then the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood is ejected from the ventricles until |
|
Definition
| the pressure within the falls below the pressure in the arteries. |
|
|
Term
| In the normal heart the impulse originates in the SA node, due to |
|
Definition
| a spontaneous depolarization called the pacemaker potential. |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac rate is increased by ___ _____ and decreased by the effects of _______ |
|
Definition
| sympathoadrenal stimulation; parasympathetic fibers that innervate the SA node. |
|
|
Term
| Stroke volume is regulated both ___ & _____ |
|
Definition
| extrinsically and intrinsically. |
|
|
Term
| Arteries contain three layers, or tunics: |
|
Definition
| the interna, media, and externa. |
|
|
Term
| The tunica interna consists of a layer of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tunica media consists of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tunica externa is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large arteries, containing many layers of elastin can |
|
Definition
| expand and recoil with rising and falling blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Medium and small arteries and arterioles are less distensible, and thus |
|
Definition
| provide greater resistance to blood flow. |
|
|
Term
| ______ are the narrowest but the most numerous of the blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The flow of blood from arterioles to capillaries is regulated by |
|
Definition
| precapillary sphincter muscles. |
|
|
Term
| the capillary wall may be ___ , _____ or ______ |
|
Definition
| continuous, fenestrated, or discontinuous. |
|
|
Term
| Veins are more distensible than arteries and can |
|
Definition
| expand to hold a larger quantity of blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The flow of blood back to the heart is aided by contraction of the skeletal muscles that surround veins |
|
|
Term
| ____ causes up to 50% of all mortality in the United States, Europe, and Japan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atherosclerosis of arteries can |
|
Definition
| occlude blood flow to the heart and brain, |
|
|
Term
| Atherosclerosis begins with |
|
Definition
| injury to the endothelium |
|
|
Term
| The ECG can be used to detect |
|
Definition
abnormal cardiac rates,
abnormal conduction between the atria and ventricles,
and other abnormal patterns of electrical conduction in the heart. |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic capillaries are ______ but highly permeable. They drain excess tissue fluid into lymph ducts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic capillaries drain excess tissue fluid into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The total blood volume is regulated by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue fluid is formed from and returns to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hydrostatic pressure of the blood forces fluid from the arteriolar ends of capillaries into the |
|
Definition
| interstitial spaces of the tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Excess tissue fluid is returned to the venous system by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ occurs when there is an accumulation of tissue fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The kidneys control the blood volume by regulating the amount of |
|
Definition
| filtered fluid that will be reabsorbed. |
|
|
Term
| A decrease in blood flow through the kidneys activates the |
|
Definition
| renin-angiotensin system. |
|
|
Term
| According to Poiseuille's law, blood flow is directly related to |
|
Definition
| the pressure difference between the two ends of a vessel |
|
|
Term
| According to Poiseuille's law, blood flow is inversly related to |
|
Definition
| to the resistance to blood flow through the vessel. |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic regulation of vascular resistance is provided mainly by the |
|
Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral vessels automatically constrict if |
|
Definition
| the systemic blood pressure rises too high. |
|
|
Term
| Blood pressure is commonly measured indirectly by auscultation of the ____ artery when a pressure cuff is inflated and deflated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mean arterial pressure represents |
|
Definition
| the driving force for blood flow through the arterial system. |
|
|
Term
| Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is classified as either ___ or ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary hypertension is the direct result of |
|
Definition
| of known, specific diseases. |
|
|
Term
| Circulatory shock occurs when there is |
|
Definition
| inadequate delivery of oxygen to the organs of the body. |
|
|
Term
| Congestive heart failure occurs when the cardiac output is |
|
Definition
| insufficient to supply the blood flow required by the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport medium and carries heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membrane excitability;
osmotic distribution of fliud between ECF & ICF
buffer pH changes |
|
|
Term
| function of nutrients, wastes, gases and hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of plasma proteins |
|
Definition
| exert an osmotic effect important in the distribution of ECF between the vascular and interstitial compartments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevention of intravascular clots |
|
|
Term
| Cellular-mediated Immunity via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural immunity (innate) - |
|
Definition
| born with maternal antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one antibody protects against more than one disease (e.g. small pox vs cow pox) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| borrowed (e.g. anti-snake venom serum from immunized horse) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells, or erythrocytes. |
|
|
Term
| White blood cells, or leukocytes, sever to |
|
Definition
| protect the body from disease. |
|
|
Term
| The circulatory system consists of |
|
Definition
| the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) and the lymphatic system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dissolved ions and various organic molecules. |
|
|
Term
| Hormones are found in the |
|
Definition
| plasma portion of the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
albumins
globulins (alpha, beta and gamma); and
fibrinogen. |
|
|
Term
| The formed elements of the blood include: |
|
Definition
| erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. |
|
|
Term
| _____ are required for blood clotting. |
|
Definition
| Platelets or thrombocytes |
|
|
Term
| _____ function in immunity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen. |
|
Definition
| Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, |
|
|
Term
| The production of red blood cells is stimulated by the hormone ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| and the development of different kinds of white blood cells is controlled by chemicals called _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport medium and carries heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membrane excitability;
osmotic distribution of fliud between ECF & ICF
buffer pH changes |
|
|
Term
| function of nutrients, wastes, gases and hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of plasma proteins |
|
Definition
| exert an osmotic effect important in the distribution of ECF between the vascular and interstitial compartments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevention of intravascular clots |
|
|
Term
| Cellular-mediated Immunity via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural immunity (innate) - |
|
Definition
| born with maternal antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one antibody protects against more than one disease (e.g. small pox vs cow pox) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| borrowed (e.g. anti-snake venom serum from immunized horse) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells, or erythrocytes. |
|
|
Term
| White blood cells, or leukocytes, sever to |
|
Definition
| protect the body from disease. |
|
|
Term
| The circulatory system consists of |
|
Definition
| the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) and the lymphatic system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dissolved ions and various organic molecules. |
|
|
Term
| Hormones are found in the |
|
Definition
| plasma portion of the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
albumins
globulins (alpha, beta and gamma); and
fibrinogen. |
|
|
Term
| The formed elements of the blood include: |
|
Definition
| erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. |
|
|
Term
| _____ are required for blood clotting. |
|
Definition
| Platelets or thrombocytes |
|
|
Term
| _____ function in immunity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen. |
|
Definition
| Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, |
|
|
Term
| The production of red blood cells is stimulated by the hormone ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| and the development of different kinds of white blood cells is controlled by chemicals called _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major blood typing groups are the _____ & _____ |
|
Definition
| ABO system and the Rh system. |
|
|
Term
| Blood type refers to the kind of _____ found on the surface of the red blood cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the formation of a blood clot, a soluble protein called _____ is converted into insoluble threads of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
