Term
| The reduction of pyruvate to lactate |
|
Definition
| allows for recycling of NAD+ |
|
|
Term
| Many cells oxidize glucose and fatty acids to produce ATP. If no ATP were produced, the ΔG° of this process would be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP is a good source of energy to run metabolic reactions for all of the following reasons except: |
|
Definition
| the sugar group is very reactive |
|
|
Term
| For a D-sugar, the β anomer in a Haworth projection |
|
Definition
| has an upward projection (on the same side as the terminal CH2OH group) |
|
|
Term
| The electron flow in the mitochondria follows this pathway: |
|
Definition
both complex I --> complex III --> complex IV
and complex II --> complex III --> complex IV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycolysis takes place in the muscle and glyconeogenesis in the liver |
|
|
Term
| In glycolysis, ATP is synthesized by |
|
Definition
| a highly branched polysaccaride found in animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a highly branched polysaccaride found in animals |
|
|
Term
| High concentrations of glucose-6-bisphosphate |
|
Definition
| stimulate glycolysis and inhibit gluconeogensis |
|
|
Term
| Glycogen synthesis and degradation must be carefully controlled at ____ and ____ to properly serve the metabolic needs for the organism. |
|
Definition
| glycogen phosphorylase; glycogen synthase |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements concerning the citric acid cycle as the central metabolic pathway is true? |
|
Definition
-it is involved in the metabolism of sugars and amino acids
-it is involved in the metabolism of amino acids and lipids
-it links anaerobic metabolism to aerobic metabolism
-many of it's intermediates are starting points for synthesis of a variety of compounds
-ALL OF THE ABOVE |
|
|
Term
| The ultimate electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
both:
-exists in two forms, phosphorylase a and phosphorylase b
-responds differently to allosteric effectors in its phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms |
|
|
Term
| The primary function of the pentose phosphate pathway is |
|
Definition
| to synthesize NADPH and pentose phosphates |
|
|
Term
| A cell in an inactive (resting) metabolic state has |
|
Definition
| a high (ATP/ADP) and a high (NADH/NAD+) ratio |
|
|
Term
| The regulatory enzymes in gluconeogensis are |
|
Definition
| glucose-6-phosphatase, fuctose-1,6-bisphosphatase, pyruvate carboxylase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase |
|
|
Term
| How many ATP equivalents are expended to conver 2 pyruvates to 1 glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin in the bloodstream is a response to increased blood glocuse and: |
|
Definition
| stimulates glycogen synthesis in muscle and liver |
|
|
Term
| During anaerobic metabolism in yeast, the carbons from glucose end up in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gluconeogensis is the synthesis of: |
|
Definition
| glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors |
|
|
Term
| Gluconeogenesis is not simply reveral of glycolysis since 2 pyruvate -->glucose requiures hydrolysis of ___ high energy bonds contained (ATP and GTP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All are principal allosteric regulatory "signals" controlling the TCA cycle activity EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
-acetyl-CoA
-NADH
-NAD+
-ATP
-All of the above |
|
|
Term
The phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is the committed step in glycolysis because |
|
Definition
| fructose 1,6-bisphosphate can undergo no other reactions than those of glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| Individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may have ___ levels of blood ___ so they test their blood for ___. |
|
Definition
| elevated; glucose; reducing sugars |
|
|
Term
| Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase |
|
Definition
| are not activated simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| The linkage between the glucose residues in amylopectin and glycogen is |
|
Definition
| for the main chain α(1→4) and β(1→6) for the branches |
|
|
Term
| Under anaerobic conditions, skeletal muscle generates latate from pyruvate to: |
|
Definition
| regenerate NAD+ for further glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| Cellulose is indigestible to most animals because |
|
Definition
| animals do not have the enzymes needed to hydrolyze the β-glycosidic linkages between the monomer units |
|
|
Term
| A unique feature of the glyoxylate cycle is that is allows the organims that possess this pathway to |
|
Definition
| produce carbohydrate from fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arises from inability to metaboloize the disaccaharide lactose |
|
|
Term
| Glycogen is mainly found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, opposing pathways, such as glycolysis and gluconeogensis are not exact reversals of each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bypass (regulatory) enzymes in gluconeogenesis are |
|
Definition
| Glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, pyruvate carboxylase + phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase |
|
|
Term
| Most of the reactions of electron transport in the mitchondria occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Durin anaerobic metabolism in yeast, the carbons o pyruvate end up in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The activity of glycogen phosphorylase depends on |
|
Definition
| both: allosteric control & covalent modification |
|
|
Term
| In humans, pyruvate can be converted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The standard state usually used in biochemistry (ΔG°) includes |
|
Definition
| all concentrations at 1M, except for [H+], which is 10-7M |
|
|
Term
| The α and β forms of the same sugar are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes a reaction in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The citric acid cycle is amphibolic, meaning |
|
Definition
| it plays a role in both anabolism and catabolism |
|
|
Term
| A cell in an active metabolic state has |
|
Definition
| a low (ATP/ADP) and a low (NADH/NAD+) ratio |
|
|
Term
| Uncouplers are compounds that inhibit the phosphorylation of ADP |
|
Definition
| without affecting electron transport |
|
|
Term
| A bacterial cell wall is composed of |
|
Definition
| a polysaccharide consisting of 2 types of monosaccharide units and cross-linking oligopeptides |
|
|
Term
| The compound uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) plays a role in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which cellular location do the majority of the reactions of the citric acid cycle take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a reducing sugar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The final reduced species formed in the electron transport chain is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you're running away from a bear |
|
Definition
| your liver cells will be running gluconeogenesis and your leg muscle cells will be running glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| A control point outside the citric acid cycle is the reaction catalyzed by |
|
Definition
| the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex |
|
|
Term
| In gluconeogenesis, the initial reaction converts pyruvate to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following enzymes is not a control point of the citric acid cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If glycolysis did not lead to the production of ATP, the overall processs would |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following mechanisms can be used to regulate metabolic pathways? |
|
Definition
-covalent modifications of enzymes
-regulation of the genes for the enzymes used in the pathway
-use of separate enzymes at a given point in the forward and backward pathways
-allosteric activators and inhibitors
-all of the above |
|
|
Term
| When glycogen synthase is phosphorylated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allosteric inhibitors of isocitrate dehydrogenase include ____ and ____, whereas ____ acts as an allosteric activator. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When mitochondria are actively carrying out aerobic respiration |
|
Definition
| the pH of the matrix is greater than the pH of the intermembrane space |
|
|
Term
| The anaplerotic reactions associated with the citric acid cycle are the result of |
|
Definition
| the use of many of the citric acid cycle intermediates in anabolism |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the carbohydrates on glycoproteins include: |
|
Definition
-cell-surface identification markers
-blood clotting
-protein turnover
-all of the above |
|
|
Term
| The most naturally abundant aldohexoses are: |
|
Definition
| glucose, mannose, and galactose |
|
|
Term
| The disaccharide sucrose is composed of |
|
Definition
| glucose and fructose αβ(1→2) |
|
|
Term
| Plants store energy in the form of the polysaccaride |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exoskeleton of insects and lobsters is composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In thermodynamic terms, when ATP and H2O react to form ADP and Pi, the products are at a lower energy than the reactants (more stable) due to what? |
|
Definition
both:
-resonance stabilization
-charge repulsion |
|
|
Term
| What are the three primary metabolic fates of pyruvate? |
|
Definition
| ethanol, acetyl-CoA, lactate |
|
|
Term
| The synthesis of glucose from smaller precursors is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The enzyme ____ uses ____ to cleave glycogen (at reducing end) and forms glucose-1-phosphate |
|
Definition
| glycogen phosphorylase, Pi |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following groups of redox pairs are correct? |
|
Definition
| NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, and FAD/FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| The 3 steps in glycolysis that are different than those in gluconeogenesis are catalyzed by these enzymes |
|
Definition
| pyruvate kinas, phosphofructokinase, hexokinase |
|
|
Term
| The approximate yield of ATP from complete oxidation of glucose is |
|
Definition
Both:
-36 ATP if the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is used
-38 ATP if the aspartate shuttle is used
|
|
|
Term
| Complete the following reaction (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) |
|
Definition
| acetly-CoA + NADH + H+ + CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Which is the enzyme that commits glucose to glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compared with the resting state, vigorously contracting muscles shows: |
|
Definition
| an increased conversion of pyruvate to lactate |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following sugars would not give a positive Benedict's test (non-reducing sugar)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following monosaccharides can be used to fuel the glycolysis pathway? |
|
Definition
| glucose, fructose, and galactose |
|
|
Term
| The citric acid cycle is considered amphibolic because it ____. |
|
Definition
| plays a major role in both anabolism and catabolism |
|
|
Term
| The cost in high-energy phosphate bonds for the formation of 1 mole glucose from lactate (gluconeogenesis) is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In bacterial cell walls, ____ |
|
Definition
| polysaccharides have peptide crosslinks |
|
|
Term
| The reduction of pyruvate to lactate ____ |
|
Definition
| does not occur in aerobic organisms |
|
|
Term
| The oxidation reactions of the Pentose phosphate pathway |
|
Definition
| produce NADPH rather than NADH |
|
|
Term
| A cell in an active metabolic state has |
|
Definition
| a low ATP/ADP and a low NADH/NAD+ ratio |
|
|
Term
| Lastose intolerance ____. |
|
Definition
| arises from inability to metabolize the disaccharide lactose |
|
|
Term
| The reactive portion of Coenzyme A is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glyoxylate cycle allow the organism that posses this pathway to |
|
Definition
| produce carbohydrates from fats |
|
|
Term
| The CAC is considered part of the aerobic metabolism even though oxygen does not appear explicitly in any reaction b/c |
|
Definition
| the NADH and FADH2 produced are reoxidized in the elctron transport chain linked to O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nature of the oligosaccharide portion of glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Which statement is false? |
|
Definition
| animals store cellulose in cells for use as an energy molecule |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements concerning gluconeogenesis is correct? |
|
Definition
| it is important to maintain blood glucose levels during the normal overnight fast (sleep) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not require O2 to generate energy |
|
|
Term
| The primary function of the pentose phosphate pathway is |
|
Definition
| to synthesize NADPH and pentose phospates |
|
|
Term
| In glycolysis, ATP is synthesized by |
|
Definition
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| All are true about the relationship between catabolism and anabolism except |
|
Definition
| they occur simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| The primary regulatory point of gluconeogenesis is |
|
Definition
| fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
|
|
Term
| The P/O ratio refers to the number of moles ATP produced for each mole of |
|
Definition
| oxygen atoms consumed in electron transport |
|
|
Term
| The ____ of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is catalyzed by ____. |
|
Definition
decarboxylation; pyruvate dehydrgonease complex
|
|
|
Term
| Anerobic metabolism can occur in all of these organisms or cells EXCEPT |
|
Definition
-Yeast
-Red blood cells
-Muscle tissue that is working very fast
-lactobacillus in milk
-anerobic metabolism can occur in all of these |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following molecules is a disaccharide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following explains why the disaccharide sucrose is not a reducing sugar? |
|
Definition
| both anomeric carbons are involved in formation of the glycosidic bond |
|
|
