Term
| What heart sound is associated with the close of the 2 AV valves (as the heart begins systole)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sound is associated with the 2 semilunar valves closing? |
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Definition
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Term
| heart sounds are due to what 3 things? |
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Definition
| vibration of valves, blood vessels, and walls of heart |
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Term
| What is the duration of the 1st heart sound? |
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Definition
| 0.14 seconds - it is the longer of the 2 |
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Term
| what is the duration of the 2nd heart sound? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the 2nd heart sound shorter than the 1st heart sound? |
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Definition
| because the semilunar valves are more taut and the sound is spread more widely |
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Term
| Why does the second heart sound have a higher freqency than the 1st heart sound? |
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Definition
| arteries vibrate more than the ventricles |
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Term
| the human ear can hear frequencies in what range? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most heart sounds are _____ the threshold of audibility |
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Definition
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Term
| When can the 3rd heart sound be heard? |
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Definition
| near the middle of diastole, when the ventricle is already partially filled (although it is usually below the audibility threshold) |
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Term
| When is the 4th heart sound heard? |
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Definition
| when the atria contract (almost never heard, but can be electronically recorded) |
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Term
| Regarding the ECG waves, when can S1 be heard? |
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Definition
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Term
| regarding ECG waves, when is S2 heard? |
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Definition
| 1st sound to be heard after the T wave |
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Term
| regarding ECG waves, when is S3 heard? |
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Definition
| it is the 2nd sound to be heard after the T wave |
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Term
| Regarding ECG waves, when is S4 heard? |
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Definition
| slightly after P wave, before QRS |
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Term
| Where is the aorta best heard? |
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Definition
| right intercostal space between ribs 1 and 2 |
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Term
| where is the pulmonary valve best heard? |
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Definition
| left intercostal space between ribs 1 and 2 |
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Term
| where is the tricuspid valve heard best? |
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Definition
| left intercostal space between ribs 4 and 5 |
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Term
| where is the mitral valve best heard? |
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Definition
| left intercostal space between ribs 4 and 5, slightly lower and more lateral than the tricuspid valve listening spot |
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Term
| the diaphragm of a stethoscope filters out what types of sounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| the bell of the diaphragm is better for what types of sounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rheumatic fever is a complication of what pathogenic infxn? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the valve damage seen with rheumatic fever |
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Definition
they become scarred, leading to stenosis (narrowing of passageway due to thickening when valves fuse at base)
leads to regurgitation |
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Term
| the sound associated with aortic stenosis (systolic murmur) is caused by what? |
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Definition
| "jetting" blood and turbulence into the aorta |
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Term
| Pitch is often related to the _____ ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Aortic stenosis = _____ pitch
Mitral stenosis = _____ pitch |
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Definition
| high (increased pressure differential), low (decreased pressure differential) |
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Term
| What is the cause of high pitched blowing sound after the second heart sound (during diastole)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Heart valve defects cause decreased what? |
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Definition
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Term
| patent ductus arteriosus can be heard and distinguished by what sounds? |
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Definition
| continuous murmur starting with systold and decreasing until the end of diastole |
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Term
1. aorta originating from RV
2. stenosis of pulmonary artery
3. blood flow from LV to RV
4. RV hypertrophy
what are all of these a cause of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Before birth, RBCs are produced mostly where? |
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Definition
| liver, and some spleen and lymph nodes |
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Term
| what is the production rate of RBCs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what protein is iron transported on after hemoglobin breakdown? |
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Definition
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Term
| what protein is associated with iron during storage? |
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Definition
| ferritin in the liver (and pancreas and heart) |
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Term
| heme is converted to what after hemoglobin degradation? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of the condition that causes excess iron absorption and storage? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the most common anemia? |
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Definition
| iron deficiency from menstruation, GI bleed, parasitic infection |
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Term
| aplastic anemia is caused by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the cause of pernicious anemia? |
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Definition
| lack of vitamin B12, autoimmune destruction of parietal cells (intrinsic factor) |
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Term
| vitamin B12 is essential for what 2 things? |
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Definition
| DNA synthesis and myelin production |
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Term
| Malaria, Rh disease, rattlesnake venom, and some drugs cause what type of anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which antibodies are the first antibodies made in an infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What antibodies are the most abundant type in the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of antibody is found in the mucous secretion of the GI tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What antibodies induce degranulation of mast cells and basophils? |
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Definition
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