Term
| The cobra edema produces... |
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Definition
| increased intracranial pressure. This disturbs normal functioning of the CNS. |
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Term
| The cause of vasogenic cerebral edema |
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Definition
| Capillary networks in tumors |
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Term
| Describe the meaning and cause of cytotoxic cerebral edema |
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Definition
Means cellular swelling.
The cause is a decrease in energy and decrease in pumping ability. |
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Term
| Describe the meaning of intracranial pressure |
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Definition
| Pressure in cranial vault |
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Term
| Describe the effect of an increase in intracranial pressure on arterial blood pressure |
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Definition
It would
-compress the arteries bringing blood to the brain
-stimulate the cardio regulatory center
-stimulate an increase rate/force in heat
-increase arterial blood pressure |
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Term
| The effect of increased intracranial pressure on the respiratory center |
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Definition
| Cheyne-Stokes ventilation |
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Term
| The "herniation syndrome" is the result of... |
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Definition
| shifting of the cranial contents due to abnormal pressures in the cranial vault |
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Term
| Hydrocephalus is related to |
|
Definition
| the brain's ventricular volume |
|
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Term
| Common mechanisms of hydrocephalus development |
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Definition
-Increase CSF production
-Decrease absorption of CSF into venous vessels |
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Term
| What is aneurysm and what are the common causes |
|
Definition
- Aneurysm= passive dilation of artery
- Due to...
---developmental reasons
---increase in pressure
--- trauma |
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Term
| Common site of aneurysm in the cranial vault |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the meaning of "cerebrovascular accident" (CVA) |
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Definition
| Decrease in blood flow to brain which causes neurologic dysfunction |
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Term
| Describe the meaning of "Transient Ischemic Attack" (TIA) |
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Definition
| Short-term loss of flow (no longer than 24 hrs) |
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Term
| Describe a thrombotic stroke |
|
Definition
-growth of thrombus
-inadequate flow that causes necrosis |
|
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Term
| Relate initial and later symptoms of stroke... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the eventual fate of an area of cerebral necrosis in stroke |
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Definition
| ?????????????????????????????????? |
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Term
| Describe an embolic stroke and the usual sources of emboli |
|
Definition
- Blockage out to a circulatory mass
- Usually clot fragment from the heart |
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Term
| Locate the site of infection in meningitis and what it is related to |
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Definition
-location: subarachnoid space
- CSF circulation, health and residual CNS deficits |
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Term
| Varicella zoster is related to... |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The inflammation of varicella zoster |
|
|
Term
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is... |
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Definition
| an agent that may infect the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| an inflammation of the CNS following common viral infections in children |
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Term
| Describe a cerebral abscess |
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Definition
| The fluid filled space is infected and inflames?? |
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Term
| Voluntary motor pathways consist of... |
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Definition
-"upper motor neurons" passing from the brain to the spinal cord
-"lower motor neurons" passing from the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Damage to the lower motor neurons will cause |
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Definition
| a complete loss of function which produces "flaccid paralysis" |
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Term
| Damage to the upper motor neurons will allow... |
|
Definition
| continued function of reflex pathways and tone, but no voluntary control |
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Term
| "spastic paralysis" and "clasp-knife reaction" indicate |
|
Definition
| upper motor neuron damage |
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Term
|
Definition
| cerebral circuits that "smooth" voluntary muscle actions |
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Term
Abnormality of voluntary muscle movement-
Describe bradykinesia |
|
Definition
| - slowness in initiating movement |
|
|
Term
Abnormality of voluntary muscle movement-
Describe dyskinesia |
|
Definition
| - involuntary, repetitive movements |
|
|
Term
Abnormality of voluntary muscle movement-
Describe dystonia |
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Definition
| - abnormal contractions producing distortions |
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|
Term
Abnormality of voluntary muscle movement-
Describe resting tremors |
|
Definition
- slow (4 cps)
- disappear with movement |
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|
Term
Abnormality of voluntary muscle movement-
Describe essential tremors |
|
Definition
- faster (8-12 cps)
- occur with movement |
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|
Term
Abnormality of voluntary muscle movement-
Describe chorea |
|
Definition
| - flicking movement of hands and face |
|
|
Term
Abnormality of voluntary muscle movement-
Describe ballism |
|
Definition
| - flicking of extremities |
|
|
Term
Abnormality of voluntary muscle movement-
Describe Parkinson's Disease |
|
Definition
- bradykisnea
-resting tremor
-rigidity (decrease facial expression and movements) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a brain injury around the time of birth with a wide variety of locations and symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the result of demyelination in the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer Disease affects who |
|
Definition
- 6% of 65 year olds
- 50% of 85 year olds |
|
|
Term
| Common microscopic abnormalities |
|
Definition
- Neurofibrillary tangles
- Neuritic plaque |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rapid-evolving, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons producing abnormal consciousness, sensation, and/or motor function |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between partial and generalized seizures |
|
Definition
- Partial- focal or local. Affects a small area
- Generalized- widespread, affecting both hemispheres |
|
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Term
| Differentiate between a seizure and a convulsion |
|
Definition
- Seizure- produces abnormal consciousness, sensation, and motor function
- Convulsion- seizure associated with uncontrolled motor activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| continuing seizures not initiated by obvious causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolonged, generalized seizure (damage or death) |
|
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Term
| Three types of rare genetic disorders of bone |
|
Definition
- osteoporosis
- osteogenesis imperfecta
- achondroplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common disorder in those over 60 producing excessive bone formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a loss of bone matrix producing spontaneous fracture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inadequate mineralization of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of bone, usually secondary to infection |
|
|
Term
| osteoarthritis (also known as degenerative joint disease) |
|
Definition
| a loss of cartilage at a joint producing inflammation and scarring |
|
|
Term
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) |
|
Definition
| an autoimmune disease affecting connective tissue in a variety of places in the body, including joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition due to hyperuricemia which produces crystallization in the joints (especially the big toe) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a degenerative disease of muscle due to a variety of genetic abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| Three types of muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
-Duchenne
-Myotonic
-Facioscapulohumeral |
|
|
Term
| Two types of pathophysiologic processes in glomerular disease |
|
Definition
-leakage of blood components
-blockage of filtration |
|
|
Term
| Globular disease is classified based on... |
|
Definition
| its developmental time course and the tissue damage that occurs |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of glomerular disease |
|
Definition
| antigen/antibody complexes stuck in the glomerular filter and producing defense system activation |
|
|
Term
| Nephritic syndrome is characterized by |
|
Definition
| loss of protein into the urine |
|
|
Term
| Nephritic syndrome is characterized by |
|
Definition
| blood in the urine and hypertension |
|
|
Term
| Tubulointerstitial disease indicates |
|
Definition
| problems with the tubular parts of the nephron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inflammation of the tubular parts of the nephron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is inflammation of the kidney tissue not due to infection |
|
|
Term
| Any cause of decreased blood flow to the kidneys is likely to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal calculi (or urolithiasis) |
|
Definition
| stones forming from crystallization of calcium or other solutes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the renal calculi through the ureters |
|
Definition
| First, peristalsis which leads to abrasion. This results in bleeding. colic, and chills/fever |
|
|
Term
| In uremic (or renal failure), waste products... |
|
Definition
| accumulate and electrolyte balance is lost |
|
|
Term
| Six results of waste product accumulation |
|
Definition
1. Nausea
2. Vomiting
3. Diarrhea
4. Uremic encephalopathy
5. Coagulation failure
6. Pruritis |
|
|
Term
| Most common type of kidney tumor |
|
Definition
| renal cell carcinoma (or "renal adenocarcinoma") |
|
|
Term
| A kidney tumor often seen in children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a by product of muscle metabolism that accumulates in kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (or BUN) |
|
Definition
| is a test of kidney function |
|
|
Term
| To evaluate the rate of urine production, |
|
Definition
| a 24-hour urine sample may be collected |
|
|
Term
| What can be measured to evaluate the ability of the kidneys to form a concentrated urine? |
|
Definition
| Osmolarity or specific gravity of urine |
|
|
Term
| Only trace amounts of __________ are normally lost in the urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ in urine indicate leakage along the tract, while _____ indicate inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate of appearance of ________, ________, or _______ in the urine might be used to measure kidney function. |
|
Definition
1. creatinine
2. urea
3. insulin |
|
|
Term
| What affects the rate of enzyme function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can affect the biochemical assembly line? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A pH less than 7.35 is called what?
A pH greater than 7.45 is called what? |
|
Definition
1. acidosis (less than)
2. alkalosis (greater than) |
|
|
Term
| Carbon dioxide combines with water to form what? |
|
Definition
| forms carbonic acid and free hydrogen ions. This makes the pH more acidic. |
|
|
Term
| Free hydrogen ions produced by reactions other than those of carbon dioxide are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 methods of regulating acidity do animals have? |
|
Definition
1. buffer chemicals
2. ventilation
3. renal regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical systems that serve as reservoirs for free hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
| Ventilation affects free hydrogen ions due to its ability to adjust the... |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide concentration |
|
|
Term
| What can secrete hydrogen ions when they are in excess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kussmaul ventilation (deep, gasping breathing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-light headedness
-paresthesia
-seizures
-death |
|
|
Term
| A relationship exists between free hydrogen ions and |
|
Definition
| other positive ions in a compartment |
|
|
Term
| A loss of water from the ECF... |
|
Definition
| increases the solute concentration of that fluid and creates an abnormal cellular environment. |
|
|
Term
| Those at risk for excessively concentrated ECF would be those who... |
|
Definition
| couldn't respond normally to thirst |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between dehydration and volume depletion |
|
Definition
-dehydration- loss of water from ECF and increase concentration of remaining solute
-volume depletion- loss of water and solute in proportion |
|
|
Term
| Third spacing or sequestration states are |
|
Definition
| situation in which fluid is accumulating in a compartment |
|
|
Term
| Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia |
|
Definition
SODIUM
Imbalance between H2O and Na+
(remember the "na" in the terms means sodium) |
|
|
Term
| Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
POTASSIUM
1. Change in MP
2. Change in likelihood of AP
3. Changes in muscle contraction, electrical activity of heart
(remember the "k" in the terms means potassium) |
|
|
Term
| Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia |
|
Definition
CALCIUM
Causes= Hormonal imbalances, kidney disease, excess bone reabsorption
Results= kidney stones and muscle contraction abnormalities
(the "ca" in the terms means calcium) |
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