Term
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Definition
| the pituitary. It is made in the hypothalamus but stored in the pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| V2 receptors in the collecting ducts |
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Term
| what does ADH do to the kidneys |
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Definition
| increases aqua porins in the collecting ducts to reabsorb H20 and Na so to increase volume |
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Term
| Where does aldoesterone act on the kidney |
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Definition
| distal tubules and collecting duct. Increases Na/K pumps which reabsorb 3 Na for ever 2x K it gets rid of. |
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Term
| normally Na is impermeable in the distal and convoluted tubules unless... |
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Definition
| Aldosterone is present to upregulate Na/K pumps |
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Term
| how many nephrons in a kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| most nephrons are what kind |
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Definition
| 80% are cortical nephrons |
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Term
| which type of nephrons are responsible for counter current multiplier |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of capsule surrounds the kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| what landmark is good for identifying where the kidenys are |
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Definition
| L2 levels with kidney's center |
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Term
| Describe the flow of urine through kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| the nephron is broken into what two parts |
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Definition
1. Cortex
2. Medulla (pyramid) |
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Term
| which part of the nephron is most vulnerable to ischmemia |
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Definition
| the inner strip of the medulla |
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Term
| RBF = ___ L/min or ___% of CO |
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Definition
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Term
| describe blood flow to arteries |
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Definition
| Renal artery – inter-lobar artery – arcuate artery – interlobular artery – afferent arteriole – glom – effer – peritubular capillaries – venoules – renal vein |
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Term
| name the three layers in bowman's capsule that contribute to glomerular filtration membrane. Name how they are charged |
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Definition
1. fenestrated ENDOthelium
2. basement membrane - negative
3. capillary EPIthelium - negative |
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Term
| what is the purpose of mesangial cells |
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Definition
| support the glomerulus. Can contract and decrease surface area for filtration |
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Term
| glomerulonephritis involvs what physiological changes to the glomerular filtration membrane |
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Definition
1. loose negatvie charges
2. increase size of fenestrations on the endothelium |
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Term
| nephrotic syndrome involves the loss of how much protein in the urine a day |
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Definition
| 3.5 Grams of protein in urine daily |
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Term
| podocytes is another name for what layer in the glomerulus |
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Definition
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Term
| whats larger in diameter, the afferent or efferent arteriole |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a "food process" sticks out of the glomerular membrane into bowmans capsule. Has slits in between them. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how many liters of urine filtered per day |
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Definition
| 180 L / day kidney filtration |
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Term
| how often is your circulating blood completely filtered each day |
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Definition
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Term
| what physics law dictates how fluid will be filtered |
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Definition
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Term
| # 1 indicator of fluid being filtered is what pressure |
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Definition
| glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| The oncotic pressure of the glomerulus is |
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Definition
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Term
| the hydrostatic pressure of the glomerulus is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the hydrostatic pressure of bowman's capusule is |
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Definition
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Term
| the oncotic pressure of bowmans capsule is |
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Definition
| = 0 as long as no pathology |
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Term
| surface area of the nephron is measured and stated by what symbol |
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Definition
| Kf = nephron surface area |
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Term
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Definition
| Renal plasma flow = RBF x (1-Hct) |
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Term
| name the three different types of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus and what they do |
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Definition
1. granular cells: secrete renin. AKA juxtaglomerular cells
2. messangial cells: extra-glomerular cells that act as anchors and constrict to decrease surface area of glomerulus
3. macula densa cells
- sense tubular fluid flow and Na delivery to distal nephron e |
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Term
| which cell i the juxtaglomerular apparatus senses changes in renal perfusion pressure |
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Definition
| granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells) |
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Term
| What are three ways that the juxtaglomerular cells (granular cells) can be stimulated to release renin |
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Definition
1. decrease afferent pressure
2. beta 1 adrenergic stimulation
3. decrease NaCl reabsorption in the macular densa |
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Term
| 60% of Na is reabsorbed in what part of the nephron |
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Definition
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Term
| 100% of the glucose and amino acids reasorbed in what part of the nephron |
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Definition
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Term
| how many segments does the proximal tubule have |
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Definition
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Term
| 65-70 % of water is reabsorbed where in the nephron |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name two feedback systems of renal blood flow |
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Definition
1. myogenic feedback
-autoregulation of arterioles
2. tubuloglomerular feedback
- macula densa of the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Term
| if the macula densa senses ____ in the distal nephron than it will respond by decreasing afferent arteriole resistance |
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Definition
| MAcular densa senses decrease pressrue or tubular fluid Na levels than it will react by vasodilating the afferent arterioles to increase GFR and blood flow |
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Term
| renal autoregulation is possible as long as MAP is |
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Definition
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Term
| in tube is too high in NaCl or high pressure than the macula densa will release ___ Which will remedy this by? |
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Definition
| excess NaCl or pressure in the tubular area will result in macula densa releasing ATP which eventulaly broken down to adenosine which will cause vasoconstriction to afferent arteriole to DECREASE GFR. the Ca signaling from this also involves mesengial cells to contract to decrease surface area, and inhibits renin release. |
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Term
| renin secretion by the juxtaglomerular cells is stimulated by what |
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Definition
| renal baroreceptors sensing low pressure and then release renin |
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Term
| what exactly stimulates aldosterone release |
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Definition
|
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Term
| angiotensin II acts more on efferent or afferent arterioles |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the adrenal gland is aldosterone released from |
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Definition
|
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Term
| aldosterone acts on what part of the nephron |
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Definition
| distal convoluted and collecting ducts |
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Term
| what part of kidney secretes renin |
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Definition
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Term
| angiotensin II illicits its effects through what receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| How do ACE-I differe compared to ARB when it comes to how they work |
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Definition
ACE-I: block the enzyme that changes Angio 1 to Angio II
ARB: competively binds to AT1 receptors |
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Term
| what two places in the body secerete ACE enzyme |
|
Definition
1. Lungs PRIMARY
2. endothelium |
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Term
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Definition
| ANP released from the right atrium increases renal blood flow while ANGIO II vasoconstricts and decreases renal blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| BUN > ___ implies renal impairment |
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Definition
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Term
| where does urea come from |
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Definition
| breakdown fo protien. Urea is a byproduct of protein metabolism. Liver turns ammonia into urea. Urea is excreted by the kidneys. |
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Term
| high BUN during what conditions |
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Definition
| during anything that involves high protein metabolism - spepsis, high protein diet, trauma |
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Term
| Each doubling of creatinine results in a ___ reduction of GFR |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Overt renal failure is a creatine clearnace of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| if BUN/Cr ratio >10:1 means |
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Definition
| if higher BUN than Cr then dehydration is present or decrease tubular flow from HF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome |
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