Term
| blood travels through what channels in the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| the portal venous system gets its blood from what areas of the body |
|
Definition
1. spleen
2. GI tract
3. Pancreas |
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Term
| is the inner zone or outer zone of the medulla most at risk for ischemia |
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Definition
| inner zone. Deepest in the medulla. |
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Term
| What percentage of the nephrons are juxtaglomerular and cortical |
|
Definition
cortical 80%
Juxtaglomerular is 20% |
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Term
| what % of Na is absorbed in the proximal tubule |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of transport occurs with Na in the proximal tubule |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in the descending loop in regards to Na and H20 |
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Definition
| H20 is passively absorbed! No Na tx. |
|
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Term
| what percentage of NA absorbed in the ascending limb |
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Definition
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Term
| nephrotic syndrome associated with what sx lipid, protein, edema |
|
Definition
1. hyperlipidemia
2. hypoalbumina
3. edema |
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Term
| what law applies to glomerulus |
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Definition
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Term
| net filtration pressure of glomerulus is? (Difference of Hydrostatic and oncotic pressures in in the glomerulus and bowmans capsule) |
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Definition
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Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of what three cells |
|
Definition
1. macula densa (line the distal tubule)
2. juxtaglomerular cells (line the afferent/efferent arterioles)
3. Mesangial cells: sandwiched n the middle between distal tubule and efferent/afferent arterioles. |
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Term
| If high NaCl content in distal tubule what will macula densa cells do |
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Definition
| will stimulate the release of adenosine to constrict the afferent arteriole |
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Term
| mesangial cells serve as anchors for? |
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Definition
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Term
| three mechanisms for renin activation |
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Definition
1. macula densa cells (which are stimulated from decrease NaCl
2. Baroreceptors in afferent arterioles which sense a drop in pressure
3. SNS via Beta 1 receptors |
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Term
| juxtaglomerular cells are also called |
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Definition
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Term
| renin also known as? Does what? |
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Definition
| angiontensinogenase. Which is an enzyme that hydrolyses angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. AG 1 then converted to II by Angiotensin converting enzyme. |
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Term
| Where is angiotensinogen made? What is it converted by and into what? |
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Definition
| Made in the liver, angiotensinogen is converted by Renin (AKA angiotensinogenase) to Angiotensin 1. |
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Term
| six properties of Angiotensin II |
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Definition
1. Vasocontriction of arterioles via AT 1 receptors
2. Stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal gland via AT1 receptor
3. Increases Thirst mechanism
4. sitmulate ADH release
5. contracts mesangial cells to decrase filtration
6. increases direct absorption of Na in proximal tubules |
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Term
| aldosterone does what to K and Na levels |
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Definition
| Excretes K in exchange for NA reabsorption. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Directly vasodilates
2. Dilates AFferent, Constricts Efferent, relaxes mesangial cells = increase GFR
3. Decrease Na reabsorption in distal and collecting ducts (opposite of aldosterone)
4. Inhibits renin. (which indirectly means aldosterone also inhibited) |
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Term
| aldosterone released from what layer in adrenal gland |
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Definition
| zona glomerulosa. Which makes sense because it is related to the kidney which has the glomerularis. |
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Term
| what are the effects of prostaglandins on gfr |
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Definition
Cause vasoconstriction specific to renal arteries which increases GFR. By donig so macula densa senses improvement in NaCl and stops signalling for Renin. So prostaglandins stop renin release which means no more systemic HTN ect.. effects of renin and the RASS system.
Prostaglandins have two sub-groups:
1. Prostacyclins
2. Thromboxanes |
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Term
| if your patients BUN is high then what are 7 differential diagnosis you should rule out before you think its from a renal casue |
|
Definition
can be elevated in pt with
1. liver disease
or
2. starvation
or
3. high catabolism states
4. trauma
5. sepsis
6. hematoma reabsorption
7. high protien diets |
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Term
| other than the lungs, what locally can produce angiotensin 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| most powerful, natural vasoconstrictor is body |
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Definition
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Term
| does PNS innervate bronchiole smooth muscle |
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Definition
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Term
Vaso uses what receptor to:
1. insert aqualporins
2. vasoconstrict |
|
Definition
1. aquaporins via V2 (two kidneys)
2. V1 vasoconstricts |
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Term
|
Definition
| Extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy |
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|
Term
| name a benign renal tumor |
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Definition
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Term
| whats the difference between invasive and non-invasive bladder Ca |
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Definition
Non-invasive bladder cancers are still in the inner layer of cells (the transitional epithelium) but have not grown into the deeper layers.
Invasive cancers grow into the lamina propria or even deeper into the muscle layer. Invasive cancers are more likely to spread and are harder to treat. |
|
|
Term
| most common type of bladder CA is? What are sub-types of this |
|
Definition
Transitional Bladder CA
1. Papillary: grow on the inside and usually are NOT invasive. Slender, finger-like projections
2. Non-papillary=CA. LIke SCC, Adenocarcinoma, Small cell. |
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Term
| which urinary sediment contains protein and RBC in the urine |
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Definition
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Term
| two renal prolbems that increase pyelonephritis risk |
|
Definition
1. renal infections hx
2. obstructive pathological condition |
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Term
| what change in kideny characteristics occurs from chronic acute pyelonephritis |
|
Definition
1. shrunken kidney
2. fibrotic kidney |
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Term
| Which type of sediment has both blood and protein |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 3x physiological changes to glomerulus membrane during glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
1. Ab against basement membrane
2. loss of negative charge
3. breakdown of podocytes |
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|
Term
| What type of bacteria causes glomerulonephritis in kidneys of kids |
|
Definition
| Strep A, and occurs 7-10 days. |
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Term
| whats the name of disease that is IgA mediated causing damage to mesengial cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions that occur on bowmans crescent |
|
Definition
| crescentic glomerulonephritis |
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|
Term
| Antiglomerular basement membrane disease is called what |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is goodpastures disease effect |
|
Definition
| Ab to basement membrane of glomerulus and ALVEOLI |
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|
Term
| Most common cause of INTRA-renal failure |
|
Definition
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