Term
| Receptor Class 4: Receptors with Intrinsic or Associated Enzyme Activity has 3 subgroups, can you name them? |
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Definition
1. Intrinsic Ser/Thr Kinase Activity
2. Intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase Activity
3. Cytokine Receptors (assoc with enzymes) |
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Term
| What do the receptors in subclass one do? |
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Definition
| They phosphorylate serine and threonine residues on themselves or other proteins |
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Term
| Name the first messengers for subgroup one....(there are 4) |
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Definition
| BMPs, GDFs, Activins, and TGF-Beta |
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Term
| What are the ancestral proteins that play fundamental roles in embryonic patterning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which first messenger, in subgroup one, regulates cartilage and skeletal development? |
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Definition
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Term
| What regulates the release of pituitary hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which first messenger, in subgroup one, regulates cell growth and morphogenesis and are a superfamily of ligands |
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Definition
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Term
| Which TGFB was first discovered, and what does it do? |
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Definition
TGFB-1
It was identified as a proliferation inhibitor in some tissues |
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Term
| All of subgroup one's first messengers are what kind of dimers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a transforming factor do? |
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Definition
| It induces cells into a proliferative state |
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Term
How many GDF's do each of these have:
Nematodes?
Fruit Flies?
Humans? |
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Definition
Nematodes: 6
Fruit Flies: 9
Humans: 42 |
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Term
| What term describes when one receptor driven pathway activates intermediates of other receptor driven pathways? |
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Definition
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Term
| All the first messengers of subclass one are homodimers, what kind of bond usually holds them together? |
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Definition
| Inter-chain Disulfide bond |
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Term
| What is the representative receptor for subclass one? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can you name the 3 subunits TGFB-R has? |
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Definition
Type RI....55 kDa
Type RII... 70-85 kDa
Type RIII.... 280 kDa |
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Term
| Out of the 3 subunits of TGFB-R, which ones are glycoproteins with single membrane spanning domains? |
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Definition
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Term
| Out of the 3 subunits of TGFB-R, which ones have intrinsic ser/thr kinase domains in their C-terminal segment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Out of the 3 subunits of TGFB-R, which one has a constitutively active protein kinase domain that operates when linked up to RI? |
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Definition
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Term
| Out of the 3 subunits of TGFB-R, which one will never have kinase activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Out of the 3 subunits of TGFB-R, which one functions only as a co-activator and aiding in binding ligands to cell membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Out of the 3 subunits of TGFB-R, which one has a highly conserved region of ~30 amino acids that must be phosphorylated in order to become active? |
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Definition
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Term
| The amino acid sequence found on the subunit RI has what kind of domain? |
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Definition
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Term
| TTSGSGSGLP corresponds to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| During receptor activation of Subgroup 1 the ligand binding at the cell membrane results in the dimerization of which two subunits? and what complex does this form? |
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Definition
RI and RII subunits
forms receptor ligand complex: TFGB-1-RI-RII |
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Term
| Once the Receptor Ligand Complex is formed, the structure is phosphorylated at the GS Domain at the serine and threonine residues, which form what complex? |
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Definition
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Term
| C.elegans is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the scientific name for the fruit fly? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gene and which protein were used in the research done with the fruit fly? |
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Definition
The gene dpp, decapentaplegic
The protein MAD, work down stream from the dpp and its receptor |
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Term
| While studying the worm what did they find that were similar to receptor ser/thr protein kinases, like TFGB-R? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was also discovered while working with the worm that is homologous with mad (from the fly)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Now that MAD and Sma have been discovered as being homologous to each other, it was then realized that they were homologous to humans as well... what do we call them in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the first messengers in subgroup 2 of class 4 receptors...(there are 5) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the representative receptors of subgroup 2? |
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Definition
| Any RTK, insulin receptors, growth factor receptor |
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Term
| The process in which a molecule, such as a receptor, catalyzes phosphorylation of its own subunits is called? |
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Definition
| Trans-Auto Phosphorylation |
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Term
| What kind of domain does subgroup 2 have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They are specifically shaped domains that bind phosphorylated tyrosines and other proteins |
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Term
| What serves as a docking site for molecules that have SH2 domains? |
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Definition
| The phosphotyrosine residues in the cytosolic domains of activated RTKs |
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Term
| What is an example of SH2 containing proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| GRB2 acts like a _____?____ and links other proteins to the activated receptor complex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do adaptor proteins not have? |
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Definition
| They do not have intrinsic enzymatic activity |
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Term
| Adaptor proteins serve as sites for what?? |
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Definition
| For accumulation of factors and enzymes |
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Term
| GRB2 links with several proteins, name one example |
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Definition
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Term
| SOS was discovered in which animal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| GTP exchange factor that promotes the release of GDP and replacement of GTP on RAS |
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Term
| What is a archetype of a large (>70) superfamily of monomeric GTPases that are anchored at plasma membrane and at other membranes, some forms maybe free floating. Other members include: Rho, Rab, Ran, Arf |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regulates cell growth and differentiation |
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Term
| What is Ras often referred to as, when it is mutant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when a gene that has a normal cellular function yet when mutant results in tumor formation (ocogenesis)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enchances the GTPase activity of the Ras superfamily? |
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Definition
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Term
| What promotes cell division by binding on outside of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the first MAPK found? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the RTK pathway, subgroup 2's pathway, why is it such a long complicated pathway? |
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Definition
| Because all the steps can be regulated, allows for fine tuning |
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Term
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Definition
| Move the cell into the next stage of cell division |
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Term
| What are the first messengers for subgroup 3 (cytokine receptors).... there are 5 |
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Definition
Foreign antigens on T-cells
Interlukins
Immunoglobulins
Epo
Hormones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Subgroup 3, Cytokine receptors, have no intrinsic catalytic activity therefore they must recruit cytosolic kinases termed? |
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Definition
nrPTK
non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases |
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Term
| nrPTKs are a large group of signaling proteins, what do they do? |
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Definition
| they control cell proliferation, differentiation and death |
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Term
| Name the two ways nrPTKs can bind to their domains |
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Definition
Some nrPTKs have unique N-termini with added fatty acids to target them to membranes
Other nrPTKs are targeted to sites of action through by their SH2 domains, binding phosphotyrosine residues on receptors |
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Term
| What is involved in detection of foreign antigens when present with the MHC |
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Definition
| TCR T cell receptors aka T-Lymphocyte receptor |
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Term
| What is the first line of defense against infection by microorganisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cytokine, when secreted by a T-helper cell enhances the proliferation of activated T and B cells and increases the cytolytic activity of NK cells and secretion of IgG |
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Definition
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Term
| What is present on mast cells and basophils that play an important role in hypersensitivity and the initiation of acute inflammatory responses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of an immunoglobulin receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| What binds Epo at an important final stage of maturation of erythroid cells into mature red blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What has been used by athletes to improve their performance |
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Definition
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Term
| What binds the pituitary hormone prolactin which plays a pivotal role in the regulation of lactation |
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Definition
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Term
| Binding interferons to their respective receptors (IFNAR and IFNGR) activates what? |
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Definition
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Term
| STAT transcription factors have 3 domains, can you name them |
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Definition
SH2 domains on N-terminus
Central DNA binding domains
C-terminal tyrosine that can be phsohporylated |
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Term
| What allows STATs to dimerize? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear Localization Signal or Sequence |
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Term
| Which receptor class has receptors that relay signals via cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G-proteins |
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Definition
| Receptor Class 5: G-protein coupled receptors |
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Term
| Name the first messengers for Receptor Class 5....there are 5 and give examples of each |
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Definition
Biogenic Amines: nonadrenaline, dopamine, 5HT, Acetylcholine
Amino acids and ions: glutamate, Ca 2+, GABA
Lipids: prostaglandins, leukotrienes
Peptides: Chemokines, angtiotensin, thrombin
Others: light, odorants, nucleotides |
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Term
| What is the representative receptors for receptor class 5? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When 3 exposed loops are on each side of membrane, the N terminus projects outside the cell and the C-terminus is cytosolic |
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Term
| In receptor class 5, ligand binding alters the conformation of which loop? |
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Definition
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Term
| After the conformational change in the C3 loop, the loop is then able to bind and activate a ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| GTP-binding proteins includes which two things? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The term G-protein is reserved for what? |
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Definition
| GTP-binding proteins that interact with 7TM rececptors |
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Term
| The G-protein is composed of 3 subunits, name them.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we call G-proteins heterotrimeric proteins? |
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Definition
| because they are made up of 3 subunits |
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Term
| Which receptor class takes up as much as 5% of the mammalian genome? |
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Definition
| Receptor class 5: G-protein coupled receptors |
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Term
| How many genes, out of the alpha subunits of g proteins are expressed in most animals cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which G-protein subunit begins and ends the signaling cycle with GDP situated in the nucleotide binding site |
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Definition
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Term
| GTP bound to an alpha subunit does not last long, why? |
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Definition
| Within seconds the alpha subunit catalyzes GTP to GDP aided by RGS proteins |
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Term
| Which disease is an example of when ADP-ribosylation of the G protein alpha subunit complex allows to continually activate adenylyl cyclase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What activates effector enzymes? |
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Definition
| They are activated by the GTP binding alpha subunits of G proteins |
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Term
| What do effector enzymes do? |
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Definition
| They will catalyze formation of second messengers |
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Term
| Name three examples of effector enzymes |
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Definition
Adenylyl cyclase and guanylyl cyclase
Phospholipase C
Calmodulin |
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Term
| Which effector enzyme catalyzes the formation of cAMP from ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is best known for the breakdown of liver glycogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is activated when cAMP levels rise in the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Phophorylation by PKA is a classic example of which type of feedback? |
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Definition
| Negative feedback mechanism |
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Term
| What do phospholipases do? |
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Definition
| the generate various second messengers |
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Term
| Where can inositol be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substrate for the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they open and allow Ca 2+ to rush into the cell |
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Term
| Many calcium effects are mediated by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Calmodulin bind? |
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Definition
| $ Ca2+ ions in positive cooperation |
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Term
| Active Calmodulin is an intermediate player in the production of what |
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Definition
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Term
| There is a huge list of important physiologic pathways.... name some of them |
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Definition
I am going to list the easy ones to remember...there are lots more.
Initiation of mitochondria biogenesis
Inhibition of NFkB
Regulation of the cell cycle
Initiation and inhibition of apoptosis
Antimicrobal Effects |
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Term
| LIst the second messengers in Receptor class 5 |
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Definition
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Term
| What do second messengers interact with? |
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Definition
| a specific set of downstream kinases or phosphatases, either directly or indirectly, to cause phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of target protein domains |
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Term
| What is another name for the Teddy bear protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which receptor class has the Wnt/Frizzled pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which family of first messengers is cysteine rich glycoproteins that act in both short and long range signaling |
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Definition
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Term
| How many family members of wnt can be found in vertebrates |
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Definition
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Term
| Regulation of body axes polarity and limb formation in developing embryos is done by the binding of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Wnt can also do what to stem cells? |
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Definition
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