they have less Type I muscle fibers which are high oxidative. So they fatigue easily

Slow twitch fibers are referred to as "slow twitch oxidative". Type I fibers are characterized by low force/power/speed production and high endurance,

Type IIIB: Characteristics as followed:

1. upper esophageal atresia with no communication to trachea. So esophagus from mouth goes to a dead end.

2. But the distal esophagus from the stomach communicates to trachea slightly above the carina (90%)

VACTERL Syndrome The VACTERL association (also VATER association) refers to the non-random co-occurrence of birth defects The reason it is called an association, rather than a syndrome is that while the complications are not pathogenically related they tend to occur together more frequently than expected by chance

V: Vertebral Defects (Spina bifida) A: Anal anomaly (usually imperforate) C: Cardiac defect (usually VSD) TE: Tracheo Esophageal fistula or Esophageal atresia R: Radial or Renal dysplasia L: Limb deformities

pnumatosis interstinalis on KUB

s a radiological sign which is highly suggestive for necrotizing enterocolitis. Pneumatosis intestinalis refers to gas cysts in the bowel wall.^[1] This is in contrast to gas in the intestinal lumen. The air is produced by bacteria in the bowel wall. 

in preemies 2nd to mucosal ischemic injury from PDA or bacterial etiology

So patent ductus arteriosus results in a right to left shunt and deoxygenated blood entering neonates systemic circulation and causing ischemic injury to the mesenteric system. 

1. left sided recurrent nerve injury #1 risk injury

2. also worry about aortic artery auvlsion

EXIT Ex-Utero I: Intrapartum T: Therapy Used for when we know there is airway compromise pre=op.

So if baby can't breath or management airway and they know this, then they will pop baby's head and neck out of C-section just long enough to create an airway surgically before they baby is fully delviered and the cord clamped.

When does the nadir of physiological anemia occur and what Hb levels should you expect in: 

1. Full-term infants

2. Premature infants 

At the nadir of the physiologic anemia in

1. full-term infants, hemoglobin levels may be as low as 9.5 to 10 Gm. per 100 ml. at 6 to 8 weeks of age,

2. premature infants 6 to 7 Gm. per 100 ml. at 3 to 7 weeks of age.

Describe: 

1. Gestational Age

2. Conceptual Age

3. Corrected Age

1. Gestational Age: “Gestational age” (or “menstrual age”) is the time elapsed between the first day of the last normal menstrual period and the day of delivery

2. Conceptual Age: Time of conception (2 weeks after last period) + time since birth. 

3. Corrected Age: Corrected age” (or “adjusted age”) is a term most appropriately used to describe children up to 3 years of age who were born preterm Corrected age is calculated by subtracting the number of weeks born before 40 weeks of gestation from the chronological age. Therefore, a 24-month-old, former 28-week gestational age infant has a corrected age of 21 months according to the following equation:

[image]

SGA: is small for gestation age. Not all SGA babies are IUGR. 

2. IUGR: Intra-uterine growth restrctions. IS at times interchangable with SGA. But this one is pathological with poorer outcomes. 

Klippel–Feil syndrome is? concerns for anesthesia include?

1. Increase RBC destruction

2. premature kids (under developed livers)

3. Drugs that compete with unconguated bilirubin for Albumin bidning (lasix, diazepam, sulfonamids)