Term
Radiographic Film Construction
|
|
Definition
1. Base
2. adhesive
3. emulsion with crystals
4. supercoat |
|
|
Term
| Original Base used to create radiographic images |
|
Definition
Glass Plates coated with emulsion
WWI-glass plate shortage
Cellulose Nitrate-highly flammable;
led to hospital fires in 1920 and 30s |
|
|
Term
Introduced in 1920s.
Safety Base- flammable as an equal thickness of paper
Disadvantages:
-film warped with age
-not as resilient as polyester |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Base of today's film.
Introduced in 1960s |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light from one screen exposed the opposite emulsion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Specializations of film base
-reduces eye strain
-increases diagnostic accuracy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caused by light being reflected from the air interface on the base material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is applied to absorb the light from emulsion and reducing image degradation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emulsion side toward intensifying screen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| notch in film in lower left corner |
|
Definition
| -LL-for lower left corner makes this easy to remember |
|
|
Term
| binds emulsion to film base-allows for proper emulsion distribution over the base throughout use and processing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emulsion is composed of silver halide crystals suspended in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active ingredient in emulsion "photosensitive" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emulsion is typically ______ micrometers in thickness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Allows even distribution
radiolucent
non-reactive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of Silver Halide Crystals |
|
Definition
| Silver Bromide, silver iodide, and silver chloride |
|
|
Term
| Double emulsion or double coated film |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protective layer of gelatin that provides sturdiness to unexposed radiographic film |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Super coat is antistatic and reduces damage from scratches, pressure, or contamination during |
|
Definition
| storage, handling, or processing |
|
|
Term
| Manufactoring Radiographic Film |
|
Definition
| Crystal production, Ripening, Mixing, Coating, all must take place in total darkness |
|
|
Term
Silver Halide Crystal formation:
First, pure metallic silver is dissolved into |
|
Definition
| nitric acid. forms silver nitrate |
|
|
Term
| Second, silver halide crystal formation: The silver nitrate is combined with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This combination yields silver bromide and: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium nitrate is water: |
|
Definition
| soluble-it will dissolve in water and be washed away during emulsion production |
|
|
Term
Crystal Classifications and Shapes:
Conventional vs: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorbs more photons, can use thinner emulsion, speed up processing |
|
|
Term
| Inner structure of silver halide crystal takes on a |
|
Definition
| cubic form or cubic lattice |
|
|
Term
| Silver-gold-sulfide creates imperfections in the crystals; |
|
Definition
| this is what gives the crystals good imaging properties. |
|
|
Term
| Result is sensitivity center or sensitivity speck within: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allows for collection of many silver atoms in one area after being exposed to x-ray or light photons: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Length of time crystals need to grow: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Size and emulsion influence: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After ripening is complete: |
|
Definition
| emulsion is cooled, shredded, and washed(removes potassium nitrate) |
|
|
Term
| Shredded emulsion is heated and melted: |
|
Definition
| Mixing-specific temp-sensitizes crystals |
|
|
Term
| Several extra things may be added: |
|
Definition
| Dyes, fungicide, antifogging agents |
|
|
Term
| Sensitive to all wavelengths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Requires precise and expensive equip. generates 40" rolls of film-layers on adhesive, then emulsion, then supercoat, finally the film is cut to size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| x-ray and light photons deposit energy into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Latent Image Formation-This energy disrupts bonds b/w the atom of the crystal: |
|
Definition
| An electron is freed, halide migrates into the gelatin, silver ion remains |
|
|
Term
| Sensivity Speck traps the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Silver ion is attracted to sensivity speck to: |
|
Definition
| neutralize it. Process repeats itselt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct Exposure, Intensifying Screen film, and special applications. |
|
|
Term
| Special Application Film: |
|
Definition
| Mammo, Detail extremity, contact surgical, CRT imaging, Laser, Duplication, and Fluoro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solarization and Duplicating Film |
|
|
Term
| Presolarized thru chemical |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Duplicating film is used to reduce overexposure and prevent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prior to exposure, film should be stored: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Age-see expiration dates- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heat-must be stored below |
|
Definition
| 68 degrees F (20 degrees C) |
|
|
Term
| Film Storage and Handling-Prior to exposure, humidity: |
|
Definition
| 30 to 60%, Light tight, no radiation |
|
|
Term
| Each exposure must include medical info: |
|
Definition
Date of exposure
Full name of patient
name of institution |
|
|
Term
| Each exposure must include medical record info: |
|
Definition
name of ordering physician
patient id #
Type of exam |
|
|
Term
| purpose of intensifying screens:amplify beam to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
x-rays convert to light- 99% comes from:
1% comes from: |
|
Definition
light conversion 99%
from direct interaction b/w x-rays and film. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intensifying Screen Construction: |
|
Definition
Base
Reflective Layer
Phospor Layer
Protective Coat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Polyester Plastic base is __ mm thick
Specifications: |
|
Definition
1 mm thick
Tough, chemcially inert, and flexible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reflective Layer is thin layer of magnesium oxide or |
|
Definition
| titanium dioxide-reflects light back to film. |
|
|
Term
| reflective layer allow for reduction of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "active layer" of intensifying screen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphor layer contains crystals that absorb x-rays and give off: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Applied over phospor layer-limits abrasions and staining from use: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atomic #, conversion efficiency, spectral emission, luminescence, and rare earths |
|
|
Term
| High atomic # preferred-Increases likelihood of x-ray photon: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ability of phosphor to emit light in response to x-ray stimulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Measurement of Screen Speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increases conversion efficiency= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Precise wavelength of light emitted by the phosphor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spectral emission must match the film's spectral: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aliblty of material to emit light in response to stimulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Fluourescence
2. Phosphorescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Zinc sulfide, barium lead sulfide, calium tungstate, rare earths. |
|
|
Term
| Compounds with gadolinium, lanthanum, and yttrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rare earths improvement over: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rare earths increase speed w/o compromising: |
|
Definition
| resolution-decreases patient dose |
|
|
Term
Calcium tungstate- __% conversion efficiency
Rare Earths-__% conversion efficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ablitly of an imaging system to accurately image an object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resolution is inversely related to: |
|
Definition
| phosphor crystal size, thichness of phosphor layer. |
|
|
Term
| Resolution is directly related to: |
|
Definition
| concentration of crystals |
|
|
Term
| Resolution Measurement: Naked Eye: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Speed has a direct relationship with: |
|
Definition
| phosphor size, layer thickness, and concentration-kVp |
|
|
Term
| Temp above 100 degrees F will decrease: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Related to the conversion efficiency of the phosphor: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Par Speed, high speed, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Relative Speed #- Par Speed: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium tungstate absorb ___ to ___% of the beam. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rare earths absorb ___ to ___% of the beam: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When photon energy matches K-shell binding energy of phosphor: |
|
Definition
| dramatic increase in light emission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portable, light-proof case for film, characterstics, care |
|
|
Term
| Cassette Characteristics: Font- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rigid-Foam Pressure Pad on one or both sides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loading and storage, cleaning, artifacts |
|
|
Term
| Do not fully open when loading/ unloading film-this will prevent collection of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| store on end like a book. |
|
|
Term
| Store empty if storing for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cleaning-specially designed |
|
Definition
| electrostatic cleaning solution |
|
|
Term
| Phosphors may be activated by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blocked Light Transmissio |
|
Definition
| white spot on image, debris in cassette |
|
|
Term
| Best Combinatin-spectral sensitivity of film matches spectral |
|
Definition
| emission of intensifying screen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speed, Resolution(lp/mm, LSF, MTF), Contrast, and Latitude |
|
|
Term
| Speed is directly related to: |
|
Definition
| silver halide/phospher crystal size, silver halide/ phospher cystal layer thickness, and efficiency of emitting or capturing photons. |
|
|
Term
| Minimize size and space b/w objects that can be visualized: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ability of system to accurately represent the borders of an object: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MTF=recorded detail/ available detail |
|
Definition
| moduation transfer function |
|
|
Term
| Primarily determined by film |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rare earth phospors exhibit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primarily determined by film-Inversely related to contrast: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Higher speed rare earths provide several advantages: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiography-decreased patient dose allows for shorter: |
|
Definition
| exposure times: Maintenance of Resolution |
|
|
Term
| High Subject Contrast due to use of contrast media-allow for use of faster film/screen combo |
|
Definition
| Gastrointestinal and Urologic Radiography |
|
|
Term
| Low subject contrast-Makes slower film/screen combo preferable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extremities-fine detail screens-Pelvic and lumbar studies-higher speed film/screen combo due to large part thickness: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High kVp best suited for calcium tungstate screens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
High Speed film/screen combos
allow for reduction in technical factors.
Shorter exposure times.
will limit repeats due to patient motion |
|
Definition
|
|
