Term
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| An acidic substance composed mostly of nitrogen and phosphorus |
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Grows in rough colonies
Harmless |
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Grows in smooth colonies
Pathogenic |
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| The Hershey-Chase Experiments |
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| Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase tested whether the genetic material injected by bacteriophage into bacteria, protein, or both. |
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| A type of virus that infects bacteria. |
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| What has five-carbon sugar, three phosphate groups, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases? |
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| Nucleotides whose bases have single carbon rings |
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| Nucleotides whose bases contain double carbon rings |
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| Thymine and Cytosine and Uracil |
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| What does the copying of DNA? |
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| The process of DNA replication is driven by... |
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| high-energy phosphate bonds in the nucleotides |
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| During DNA replication, what enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold the helix together? |
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| The name of DNA replication |
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| Semiconservative replication |
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| DNA polymerase can attach free nucleotides only to a ___ carbon |
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| Synthesis of one strand of DNA occurs __ while the other occurs __ |
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| continuously, in segments |
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| What enzyme joins DNA segments into a continuous strand of DNA? |
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| How many nucleotides are there? |
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| DNA polymerases do not copy ___ DNA very well |
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| DNA polymerases catalyze up to ___ bases per second |
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| What fixes DNA by enzymatically excising and replacing any damaged or mismatched bases before replication begins |
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| Artificial twinning that yields genetically identical individuals |
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Term
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
(SCNT) |
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Definition
| A researcher removes the nucleus from an unfertilized egg, then inserts a nucleus from from an adult animal cell into the egg. |
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| Using SCNT to produce human embryos for research |
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| Converting the information encoded by a gene into a product starts with ___ |
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| RNA Synthesis/Transcription |
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| RNA usually occurs in __ form |
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| The fourth base of RNA is __ instead of thymine |
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| Store a cell's heritable information |
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| Important in gene control |
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| __ types of RNA have roles in protein synthesis |
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| The main component of ribosomes, structures upon which polypeptide chains are built |
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| Delivers amino acids to ribosomes, one by one, in the order specified by mRNA |
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| _RNA is the only kind of RNA that carries a protein-building message. |
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| MRNA--translation-->Protein |
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| A multi-step process by which genetic information encoded by a gene is converted into a structural or functional part of a cell or body |
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Definition
A multi-step process by which genetic information encoded by a gene is converted into a structural or functional part of a cell or body.
DNA--transcription-->mRNA--translation--> Protein |
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| Proteins-enzymes-can assemble __ and __ from simple building blocks |
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Definition
| lipids and complex carbohydrates |
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| During transcription, a strand of RNA is assembled from RNA nucleotides |
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| In eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the ___ |
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| Nucleotide sequences that are removed from a new RNA. Intervenes between exons and are removed before RNA leaves nucleus |
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| Sequences that stay in the RNA. Either all exons remain in the mature RNA or some are removed and the rest are spliced in various combinations |
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| When some exons are removed and the rest spliced in various combinations |
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| A "word" three nucleotides long that codes for a particular amino acid. Collectively constitute the genetic code |
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| Highly conserved, meaning that many organisms use the same code. Comprises of all 64 codons. |
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| A triplet of nucleotides that base-pairs with an mRNA codon |
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| Segments of DNA that can insert themselves anywhere in a chromosome |
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| Three stages of translation |
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| Initiation, elongation, and termination |
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| Explain the steps of translation |
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| In which one nucleotide and its partner are replaced by a different base pair. |
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| In which one or more bases is lost is smaller than a chromosomal deletion |
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In which extra bases are inserted into DNA
Ex. Huntington's |
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| Replication speed in humans vs bacteria |
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Definition
Humans: 20 base pairs a second
Bacteria: 1000 base pairs a second |
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| When UV light causes two adjacent thymine bases to bond covalently to one another. Kinks the DNA. |
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| Cuts DNA wherever a specific nucleotide sequence occurs |
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| Small circles of bacterial DNA |
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| A hybrid molecule composed of SNS from two or more organisms |
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| The role of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA |
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| Speeds formation of covalent bonds between matching sticky ends in a mixture of DNA fragments |
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| What is the first step in DNA cloning? |
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| Molecules that carry foreign DNA into host cells |
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| Why can't messenger RNA be cloned directly? |
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| Because restriction enzymes and DNA ligase cut and paste only double-stranded DNA |
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| A replication enzyme from certain types of viruses, transcribes mRNA into DNA |
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| Why do researchers who study eukaryotic genes and their expresion work with mRNA? |
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| Because their introns have already been snipped out |
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| The entire set of genetic material |
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| What is a genomic library? |
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| A set of clones that collectively holst all of the DNA in a genome |
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| sets of cells that host various cloned DNA fragments |
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| is a fragment of DNA labeled with a tracer |
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| Nucleic Acid Hybridization |
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| Base pairing between DNA (or DNA and RNA) from more than one source |
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| What do researchers use to isolate and mass-produce a particular DNA fragment without cloning |
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Definition
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| Hot-and-cold cycled reaction that uses a heat-tolerant DNA polymerase to copy a fragment of DNA by the billions |
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| Describe the process of PCR |
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| Oligomers that base-pair with DNA at a certain sequence |
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| Methods of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA |
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| The process of DNA sequencing |
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| A unique array of DNA sequences |
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| Many copies of the same 2- to 10-base-pair sequences, positioned one after the next along the length of the chromosome |
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| Uses for DNA fingerprint analysis |
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| Evidence in court, paternity disputes, identifying the remains of individuals, study population dispersal in humans and other animals. |
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| The research field that studies the genomes of humans and other species |
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| Human and banana sequences are __ percent identical |
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| Human and Mouse sequences are __ percent identical |
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| Microscopic arrays of DNA samples that have been stamped in separate spots on small glass plates |
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| A laboratory process by which deliberate changes are introduced into an individual's genome |
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| what is produced when a gene from noe species is transferred to another |
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| Genetically Modified Organisms |
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| What are the most common GMOs? |
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| What kinds of things can GMOs produce? |
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| Human insulin, proteins, enzymes, etc. |
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| Transferring an organ from one species into another |
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| The transfer of recombinant DNA into an individual's body cells |
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