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| genetic change in a population of organisms |
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| difference in survival and reproduction of individuals because of different genotypes |
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| outcome of natural selection |
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| group of populations with potential to interbreed and produce viable offspring |
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| all the genes in the entire population |
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| alternative state of gene |
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| dominates over recessive genes |
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| all genes contained in its dipliod cells |
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| physical manifestation of expressed genes |
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| where alleles are located at specific place on each chrom |
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| offspring differ from both parents |
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| occurs when 2 dor more genes determine a single phenotypic trait |
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| nonallelic modifier genes |
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| can affect other alleles, 2 alleles of eye color are affected by nonallelics |
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| a gene has more than 1 effect on phenotype |
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| refers to reversible, heritable changes in gene expression that occur without a genetic change |
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| mechanism of epigen inheritance that blocks gene expression of chromosmal tissue |
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| mechanism of epigen inheritance that blocks expression of cytosine on DNA |
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| occurs when allele that is expressed is determined only by which parent contributes it |
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| Parental Conflict Hypothesis |
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| says father more interested in growth of offspring at expense of mom |
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| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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| describes a non evolving population |
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| caused by homozygous recessive gene |
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| mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, non random mating, natural selection |
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| Change in genetic info of a cell |
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| change in 1 or a few nucleotides |
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| movement of a gene on a chromosome |
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| a chromosome is either duplicated in sequence or deleted |
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| more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes |
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| agent that increases rate of mutation |
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| high energy x and gamma rays knock electrons off atoms, creates free radicals which break DNA |
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| tans and burns and is very mutagenetic |
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| rare disorder where individuals cant repair UV damage, full of skin tumors |
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| cause problems with transcription and base pairing, fall into 2 general classes: nucleotide look-a-likes that are incorparated into DNA replication and chemicals that alter existing DNA nucleotides |
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| uncontrolled growth of cells |
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| a number of gene seem to be involved in all cancer |
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| movement of genes from one population to another |
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| changes in gene freq due to random events, espiciallyin small pops, inversely related to size of population |
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| allele of a small pop that becomes isolated is different from original pop |
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| pop undergoes severe decrease in size, but later grows but limited genetic variation |
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| mates chosen on basis of physical or behavioral characteristics |
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| Fischer runaway selection theory |
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| some traits that do not enhance fitness are selected because members of opposite sex find it attractive |
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| Shifts freq of a trait in a particular direction |
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| selects against extremes in phenotype |
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| increases frequency of extremes in phenotype |
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| pops breed at different times of day, year or diff years, diff skunks mate during different seasons |
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| lifestyles or habits of pop differ, tigers and lions can mate just live in diff places |
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| mating behavior, courtship rituals differ, meadowlark seem identical but diff songs |
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| anatomical incompatibility, some flowers cant crossbreed different parts |
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| gametes are incompatible, fish eggs know which sperm can and cant work |
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| can prevent development of viable fertile adults (mules) |
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| embryos dont develop properly or offspring are weak |
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| occurs when 2 or more pop diverge because of geographical seperation, squirrels and the colorado river |
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| sometimes speciation occurs without geographical isolation |
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| graded change in a trait along a geographic axis |
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| body size in a species increases as go north |
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| extremeties are shorter as go north |
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| fossil record mostly shows periods of stasis punctuated by sudden explosion of new species |
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| reason why speciation often occurs, burst of new spp from common lineage |
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| way organism uses its envirnment, its place in ecosystem |
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| 250 mill years ago, 90%+ of species on land and sea lost, crater twice size of chixulub broke up godwanda, volcanoes, global warming |
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| Cretaceous Mass Extinction |
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| 65 mill years ago half of all species lost including dinos bc of chixulub |
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| adaptive radiations are facilitated by polyploidy and envirnmental changes in timing of rate of development |
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| which causes parts of same organism to grow at diff rates |
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evolutionary history of an organism
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| identification and classification of organisms sorts out closely related organisms and assigns them to a species |
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| 1700s developed basis for modern taxonomy, each is given a 2part latin name that identifies Genus and species |
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| Domain, Kingom, Phylum, Cramming, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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| is a classification that includes evolutionary affinities and history of species |
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| similarities inherited from a common ancestor |
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| sometime causes similarties, not common ancestry, these are called analogous structures |
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| assumes that tree that has fewest evolutionary events is most likely source |
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| based on observation that random mutations accumlate in genes at fairly constant rate |
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| study of how organisms interact with one another and with physical envirnment |
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| interspecific competition |
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| occurs when 2 species occupy overlaping niches and use same resources, forces one or both to use only part of their habitat |
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| place where organism lives |
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| competitive exclusion principle |
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| no 2 species can occupy same niche indefinitely, better species will dominate |
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| what 2 species compete for, in short supply |
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| often evolution will subdivide habitat or cycle, everyone uses different piece of habitat |
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| occurs when species evolve differences that reduce competition and allow coexistence |
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| ecological relationship between 2 species living in direct contact, can be cooperative or antagonistic |
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| 1 species benefits at anothers expense |
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| live within host, tape worm, malaria |
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| feed on external surface of host, mosiquitoes, lampreys, ticks, fleas, lice |
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| both symbionts benefit,pollinators; lichen = fungi+algae |
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| 1 species benefits without harming other, clownfish/sea anemone, shark/remora |
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| a reciprocally induced evolution change between 2 or more species, symbionts evolve together |
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| include mitos and chloros in euks |
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| nontoxic species mimic toxic species |
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| when toxics evolve similar coloration predators learn more quickly |
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| localized group of individuals belonging to same species |
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| interacting group of many species inhabiting common area |
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| community of organisms and abiotic parts of their envirnment |
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| harvest energy directly from sunlight |
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| obtain energy by eating other organisms |
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| obtain energy from dead organisms |
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| produce their own food, mostly plants |
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| get energy from something else, consumers and decomposers |
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| sequence describing who eats whom |
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| weight of all organisms in each trophic level creates pyramid biomass |
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| number of organisms in trophic level |
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| ecosystems become more complex over time |
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| early successional species are tolerant at harsh, abiotic conditions |
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| early species change the habitat making it favorable for other species |
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| sometimes changes occur that inhibit growth of poineer species |
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| changes often proceed predictably, characteristic of environment |
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| study of characteristics of populations |
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| relative number of individuals in each age range= cohort |
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| number of offspring produced/year |
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| average time between birth of individuals and birth of their offspring |
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| shows survival probabilities with age of a pop |
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| all life histories reflect tradeoffs |
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| big bang, animal plants and most insects focus all resources on single large reprod event then die |
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| many species produce fewer offspring/year but reproduce mroe years, usually includes more parental investment high survival rate of each offspring |
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| rate of pop increases, birthrate minus deathrate |
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| max population density that can be sustained indefinitely |
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| species have a higher rmax, short life reproduce quickly |
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| species have a low rmax, live long time parental care involved |
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| density dependent and density independent |
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| ones that increase as population increases, usaully deter attainment of K, as density increases death increases |
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| unrelated to pop size, include environmental factors such as fire, weather, volcanoes |
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