Term
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Definition
macronutrients are ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS and have to be supplied by the diet.
CARBS - FATS - PROTEIN
Not synthesized in the body or are made in insufficient amounts
supply energy and build tissue – (Carbohydrates, fats, and protein) |
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Definition
micronutrients are non-essential nutrients – required in much smaller amounts to regulate and control body processes
VINTAMINS - MINERALS - WATER
do not have to be supplied through dietary sources because they either are not required for body functioning or are synthesized in the body in adequate amounts – Vitamins, minerals, and water. |
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Definition
essential nutrients are MACRONUTRIENTS
carbohydrates
fats
protein |
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Definition
regulatory nutrients are the micronutrients:
VITAMINS
MINERALS
WATER |
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Definition
energy nutrients are the MACRONUTRIENTS:
lipids
carbohydrates
protein |
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Term
| What hormones keep glucose levels fairly constant during fasting and feasting? |
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Definition
| Insulin and glucagon regulate glucose levels |
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Term
| six classes of nutrients: |
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Definition
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
vitamins
minerals
water |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulin is a hormone that regulates glucose levels in the blood. |
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Definition
| glucagon is a hormone that regulates insulin in the blood |
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Definition
| Protein maintains tissue that breaks down and supports growth of new tissue |
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Definition
amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
the human body can produce 10 of the 20 amino acids needed
They contain nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
nitrogen balance is when the amount of nitrogen intake equals nitrogen excretion.
Some groups have a positive nitrogen balance (intake more nitrogen than they excrete) These are:
- pregnant women
- growing babies/children/adolescents
- lactating women
- those recovering from illness |
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Definition
Lipids are the most concentrated form of energy in the diet.
lipids aid in absorption of vitamins, temperature regulation, and structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| triglycerides comprise 95% of lipids in the diet. |
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Term
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Definition
| cholesterol is a form of fat found exclusively in animal products. |
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Definition
vitamins are not syntesied in the body and must be a part of the diet.
vitamins are needed in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins |
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Definition
minerals are essential in the structure and regulation of body processes.
there are MACROminerals and MICROminerals |
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Definition
macrominerals are needed in the body in amounts greater than 110mg/day:
- calcium
- phosphorus
- sulfur
- sodium chloride
- potassium
- magnesium |
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Definition
microminerals are needed in the body and have a recommended dietary intake established. These are:
- iron
- zinc
- magnesium
- chromium
- copper
- molybdenum
- selenium
- fluoride
- iodine |
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Term
| where is 2/3 of the body's water contained? |
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Definition
| Intracellular fluid contains 2/3 of the body's water. |
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Term
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Definition
| intracellular fluid contains 2/3 of the body's total water. |
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Definition
energy is measured in calories and kilocalories
1 calorie = energy required to raise 1 mL of water 1 degree Celcius. |
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Term
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Definition
| BMR is the amount of calories required for the body to carry out basic involuntary daily functions (digestion, breathing, circulation, etc) |
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Term
| Basal Metabolic Rate formula |
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Definition
BMR:
HEALTHY body weight(lbs) x 10(women) = BMR
HEALTHY body weight(lbs) x 11 (men)= BMR |
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Term
| caloric requirement formula |
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Definition
the formula to figure caloric requirement:
figure activity level:
- 1.2 - sedentary lifestyle
- 1.3 - light activity lifestyle
- 1.4 - moderate activity lifestyles
- 1.5 - high activity (sports/labor job)
BMR x activity level = total daily calories
1500 x 1.4 = 1950 |
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Term
| calories contained in 1 lb body fat |
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Definition
| 1lb body fat = 3500 calories |
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Term
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Definition
Anthropometric data:
- height
- weight
- skin-fold measurements
- mid-arm circumference |
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Term
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Definition
Lavage is a "cleaning out" of the intestines before intestinal surgery or diagnostics test.
An oral solution is ingested and the intestines will be cleaned out within 4-6 hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| decompression is a process that decompresses or drains the stomach of unwanted fluid or contents. |
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Term
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Definition
The Dobhoff feeding tube is smaller in diameter than the Levin feeding tube and is more comfortable for the patient and causes less trauma to naris.
The Dobhoff tube is more difficult to check tube-placement and administer medications through because of it's small diameter. |
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Term
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Definition
The Leven NG tube is a larger diameter than the Dobhoff tube and allows for attachment of feeding apparatus and medication administration.
The tube is larger, though, and can cause more discomfort. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enteral Nutrition is when nutrients is provided for the patient directly to the stomach (bypassing the mouth and throat) |
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Definition
like an NG tube, but the tube bypasses the stomach entirely and rests in the small intestine.
more prone to "dumping syndrome" |
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Term
| Commercially Prepared Enteral Formula |
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Definition
Commercially Prepared Enteral Formulas contain
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- protein |
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Term
| Chemically Defined Formula |
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Definition
A chemically defined formula is predigested and easy-to-absorb:
- peptomen
- vivonex |
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Term
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Definition
| Low protein formulas have "modular components" such as low protein formulas for renal and liver disease patients |
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Definition
a bolus feeding is a type of enteral feeding that is administered all at one time.
For patients who can digest a large amount of formula at one time. |
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Term
| continuous infusion feeding |
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Definition
| Continuous Infusion Feeding is a form of enteral feeding that administers formula at a constant slow rate to the stomach |
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Term
| Intermittent Gravity Drip Feeding |
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Definition
Intermittent gravity drip feedings administer a set volume of formula intermittently throughout the day.
example: 250mL every 4 hours. |
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Term
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Definition
The normal pH range of the stomach:
1.5 - 5.5 |
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Definition
Normal range of intestinal pH:
7 and up |
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Definition
The normal pH range for the respiratory tract:
6 and up |
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Term
| Can enteral feedings be started directly after surgery? |
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Definition
| yes, enteral feedings can be started right after surgery - you do not need to wait for bowel sounds or flatus. |
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Term
| How much sterile water is used to flush feeding tubing every 4 hours and before and after intermittent feedings? |
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Definition
| Use 30mL for flushing feeding tubes |
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Term
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Definition
Dumping syndrome can occur when food with a high proportion of carbohydrates rapidly enters the jejunum - rapid pulse, decreased BP, sweating, weakness and tremors frequently followed by n/v
common with:
-total gastrectomy /gastric bypass -intestinal tube feeding(bypasses stomach) |
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Term
| How often should the Gastric Residual Volume be checked |
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Definition
| Gastric Residual Volume should be checked every 4 hours for the first 48 hours of enteral feedings. |
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| What amount of Gastric Residual Volume is too high? |
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Definition
| GRV of more than 250mL is too high and a promotility agent should be administered |
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Term
| What is the route used to administer Total Parenteral Nutrition? |
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Definition
| TPN is administered via an IV in acentral venous catheter. |
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Term
| What route is used to administer Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition? |
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Definition
| PPN is administered via a short-term IV catheter in a peripheral vein. |
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Term
| What is the difference between PPN and TPN besides the placement of the catheters? |
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Definition
PPN delivers a lower concentration of dextrose/isotonic vs hypertonic
PPN cannot exceed 10% dextrose and 5% amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
D10 is administered IV for 1 – 2 hrs to protect against rebound hypoglycemia after a patient is removed from TPN
Also used: isotonic dextrose (D5W) |
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Term
| Why do post-op patients need so much protein in their formula? |
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Definition
| Post op patients need lots of protein in their formula to prevent their bodies from using it's own protein stores. |
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