Justice

Controlling Crime

Preventing Crime

Offenders will be held fully accountable for their actions

The rights of the persons who have contact with the system will be protected

Life offenses will be treated alike and officials will take into account relevant differences among offenders and offenses

Through arresting, prosecuting, convicting, and punishing

Guidelines are defined by laws

instills the rights of the people

instills fair justice

Deterrent Effect

Depends upon criminal justice officials and citizens

Human Nature

Deviant

Have Social Norms to keep society in line

U.S. needs to have a formal sanctions becuase it's so diverse

School Rules

Home Rules

Religions

Informal Sanctions

Formal Sanctions

Order as a Value

Conservative Approach

Pro-Prosecution

Focuses on controlling crime

Fighting Crime and Protecting Victims

Efficient Justice

Law as a Value

Liberal Approach

Pro-Defense

Protect innocent's rights

Innocent until proven guilty

Assumes the defendant is innocent

Discretion 

Resource Dependence

Sequential Tasks

Filtering

Authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules or facts like police officers decides how to handle the crime situation 

Needed because systems lack the resources to treat every case the same way and permits the officials to achieve greater justice

Criminal Justice agencies do not generate their own resources to enforce that the law enforcement protect the rights of the people and doing their job

Dependent upon political leaders

90% convicted people are male

Use to believe that crime was a morality issue

Now: uses criminology

-Not all deviant behavior is a crime

-All criminal acts are deviant

Crime is a learned behavior, thus behavior can be unlearn

Most acceptable in criminal justice

committing a crime is a choice

committing a crime for pain and/or pleasure

committing a crime to avoid pain and/or unpleasantness

crime causes by psychological state

expression of what's going on in one's head (emotions)

mentally ill

crimes cause by biology

born that way/genes

Visible (street crime, crime against property)

Occupational

Organized

Crime without Victims (gambling, drug sales)

Political Crime

Cyber Crime

1. There has to be a Law

2. Crime has to happen - violation against the law

3. Investigation

4. Suspects

5. Arrest

6. Jail/Book in

7. First Appearance

8. Preliminary Hearing

9. Grand Jury

10. Plea Bargain

11. Trial

12. Appeal (optional)

1. Probable Cause - not mere suspicion 

2. Write it down

3. Legally take evidence into custody

(Terry v. Ohio - pat down case)

4. Suspect knows he/she is being arrested

Study of victims and patters of victims

Look at demographics

-women have the greates likelihood to be victimize (rape)

-men have the greatest likelihood to be victimze in major ciminal cases

-young v. young, old v. old

-increase likely to be victimize with a weapon

A social interaction occur where the victim have a hand in being victimized

Believe that victims have choose not to be victimze 

Can't always blame the victim

Activities increase chance to get victimize

Associations - people you hang out with who commits a crime

Anti-Social People

Directly towards the victim

Financial - robbing

Physical - assault

Psychological - post dramatic disorder

Victimized through institutions and other people

Criminal justice systm - victims are mere witnesses to a case

News/Media

Family and Friends

Design to protect the victim

Extraneous evidence outside the case is not allow to be presented (private, personal life)

2004 - crime victim's rights act law

Reimburse victims

Civil Law suits against defendants

Victim Impact Statement

Victim-Offender Venting

Victim-Offender Reconciliation